本文雖然是在談論慈濟,但對我而言,它卻是在提醒著我們一個更為重要的課題,即什麼叫做「社會企業」?現在許多已成立或即將成立的「社會企業」,它們未來是否也會步上慈濟的後塵?「社會企業」會否僅是表象,而其本質其實仍然是「商業團體」、「生意夥伴」?社會企業「到底是入世的商業團體,還是出世的宗教或非營利組織」?我們應該如何來應對這個模糊的空間?這是一個非常嚴肅的課題!
這幾年來,「社會企業」在台灣喊的嘎嘎響,但我們「台灣第三部門學會」卻是一則以喜,也一則以憂!喜的是「社會企業」終獲得國人的重視,在行政院馮燕政務委員的大力推動下,近一、二年以來,大家朗朗上口,宛如已成為非營利組織(NPO)發展的必要及主流趨勢。但是,我們卻也非常的擔憂,我們的「社會企業」是否就是歐洲國家所推動的「社會企業」?我們該如何來定義「社會企業」?我們的「社會企業」有否可能變成了像慈濟一樣的「出世入世隨心所欲」?會否表面上看似為公益,但骨子裡卻是完全為私益?我們該如何來分辨?國內學者對「社會企業」研究最為深入者,應為中正大學官有垣教授,他早就屢屢發出憂心之論。看了最近頂新的黑心犯罪行為、與頂新及慈濟相關事業體的緊密關係,更是加深了我們這樣的憂慮。
(附註:我現擔任政治大學第三部門研究中心主任,也兼任台灣第三部門學會秘書長一職,我們近年來的研究重點大概就是公民社會與社會企業。)
請見洪美惠及徐詩瑋:出世入世不該隨心所欲,http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20141025/494053/
2014年10月25日 星期六
讀「中生全額自付健保費 國民黨封殺」有感
當初我到美國唸書,請問,是誰幫我付保費?還不是自己付!
國民黨立委蘇清泉竟說,不幫他們付就是「鎖國」?蘇清泉立委的想像力真是豐富啊!試問,美國沒幫我付保費,美國就「鎖國」了嗎?
我們幫忙付保費,我們的學生還要被豎中指,請問,我們有需要那麼的卑賤嗎?又,五比八,是誰讓台灣如此的卑賤?
http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/paper/823907
國民黨立委蘇清泉竟說,不幫他們付就是「鎖國」?蘇清泉立委的想像力真是豐富啊!試問,美國沒幫我付保費,美國就「鎖國」了嗎?
我們幫忙付保費,我們的學生還要被豎中指,請問,我們有需要那麼的卑賤嗎?又,五比八,是誰讓台灣如此的卑賤?
http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/paper/823907
家母用日語與大阿姨訣別!
對這篇社論深有同感!尤其是對於我這位四年級生。
我也非常遺憾我不會講日語。這是因為除了所謂的「台語」之外,家父家母也都會講日語,每當他們二位要講些不讓我們小孩知道的事情時,他們都是講日語。家母在外公家排行老二,上個月,大阿姨離世,家母到病床前探望及訣別時,幾乎都是講日語!我一直以為我如果要學日語是很容易的,但是他們在外根本都不敢講,也不敢在家裡對我們講。
看自由時報社論〈會講母語蓋高尚〉有感。http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/opinion/paper/824280
浮濫的都市計畫!及什麼是都市計畫「專業」?
為什麼會有這個問題?該如何定義這個問題?我認為要回到歷史中去找尋答案,我認為該檢討的,應該是當初隨便劃設及編定的都市計畫,也就是說,根本沒有這個需要,政府卻是胡亂的劃設及編定。我國現有都市計畫區有438區,前年七月,監察院針對林口A區預標售案,不客氣的對行政院提出糾正,糾正文中提到我國都市計畫浮濫劃設編定,現有都市計畫可以容納的人口與實際居住的人口數相差竟然高達678萬人!去年,再次提出糾正,人數雖有稍降,但是仍然是高達644萬人,這表示,現有都市計畫都不用新訂、變更、或擴大,台灣就可以再多容納六百多萬人口!為何會產出這麼嚴重問題?這與政治有關,因為都市計畫與土地炒作緊密連結,而這也就是我國土地徵收會那麼浮濫的原因。台南市政府不檢討現有都市計畫的偏差,竟要人民捐地,這說的過去?是否牛頭不對馬嘴?另外,在現在嚴重少子化的情況下,各縣市竟然都還繼續在浮報人口增量,欲劃設新的都市計畫區,繼續進行土地炒作,如過去的苗栗大埔案,及最近的「新竹台知園區(原璞玉計畫,附近都市計畫人口可容納40萬人,現有人口僅28萬)」及「桃園航空城(附近各都市計畫區的實際人口數都與計畫人口數有龐大落差,最後只能用國家重大建設來強壓)」!再者,非常遺憾地,我竟然都沒有聽到都市計畫學界對於這個問題表態!我要很不客氣的說,我國都市計畫的「專業」似應解釋為「專門在為政客、財團、派系服務的行業」!是的,我要很不客氣的說,而且我要繼續不斷地講下去!!!
看「『政府勒索』解編竟要捐地」新聞報導有感。http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20141025/36167842/%E3%80%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%8B%92%E7%B4%A2%E3%80%8D%E8%A7%A3%E7%B7%A8%E7%AB%9F%E8%A6%81%E6%8D%90%E5%9C%B0
看「『政府勒索』解編竟要捐地」新聞報導有感。http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20141025/36167842/%E3%80%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%8B%92%E7%B4%A2%E3%80%8D%E8%A7%A3%E7%B7%A8%E7%AB%9F%E8%A6%81%E6%8D%90%E5%9C%B0
看清心文章「中國你不累嗎」有感
這篇文章勾引起了相當多的回憶。我在美國求學時候認識了許多位從中國到美國唸書的好朋友,他們不僅聰明,能力超強,個個也都像是拼命三郎,因為他們在學成之後都想繼續留在美國,而不是回去中國,因為在美國才能夠呼吸到民主及自由的空氣,比較能夠有完整的人格。多年之後,雖然有一位好友回去了,但卻是在入籍美國之後才回去的,也是美國公司派他回去的,但是太太及小孩則是繼續留在美國,沒有隨行。前幾年我的美國指導教授來訪,他告訴我中國留學生這種不願返國的現象,依舊是沒有改變的。我相信中國主政者應該知道此事,但,為何就是改不了呢?為什麼要讓那麼多優秀的人才流離海外呢?「你不累嗎?」,這句話可能是來自於那部描述黑人幫傭的《姊妹》電影,在片尾,黑人女主角怒斥那位邪惡整人的白人女雇主,「你不累嗎?」,然後頭也不回的離開,迎向她的,是充滿希望的晨光及美麗景緻。這句話之所以用在這邊,似在隱涉中國人的地位就如同是片中的黑奴,不能夠有自己獨立的意志;然而,更遺憾的是,壓榨及剝削他們的,卻是同文同種同皮膚的中國人,而不是白人。中國,你不累嗎?你整了那多的人,還不累嗎?為什麼一定要別人遵從你的意志來活呢?
http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20141024/494128/
http://www.appledaily.com.tw/realtimenews/article/new/20141024/494128/
2014年10月23日 星期四
是頒獎?還是控制?
謝謝石計生教授的文章,讓人看了感到無比的難過與憤怒。至今為止,不論是金曲獎、金鐘獎、金馬獎等獎項,我認為都還是主政者用來宣揚主流意識型態及大沙文文化主義的工具,頒發這些獎項的真正目的還是在於「影響」及「控制」,而不是在於肯定其能力與貢獻。不諱言的說,長期以來,台灣島內的文化是有分階級性的,北京話及其所建構的文化是具優越性的,台語、客家語、原住民語大抵都是不入流的,難登大雅之堂的。套句文化部龍應台部長的名言,台灣人你為什麼不生氣?(講這句話時,是否也要學龍部長一樣,用手托腮,擺出「優雅的風姿」?噁!)
石計生教授宏文:
http://www.appledaily.com.tw/appledaily/article/headline/20141023/36164080/%E4%BB%A5%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E8%AA%9E%E7%82%BA%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%9A%84%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD%E9%87%91%E9%90%98%E7%8D%8E%EF%BC%88%E7%9F%B3%E8%A8%88%E7%94%9F%EF%BC%89
2014年10月21日 星期二
批評他,並非就是切割他!
我的好友因釋昭慧法師最近的發言,參與了相關的論辯。我也已表達相關的看法,想再予以簡單敘述。
1.我認為頂新魏應充先生為慈濟人,在慈濟內部的位置是相對崇高的,如今魏先生犯了那麼大的錯誤,慈濟未置一詞,這恐不適當。
2.我不認為慈濟批評魏應充就是叫做「切割」,我也認為在不切割的情況下,應該還是有批評的空間。批評他、責備他,並非就是切割他,這反而可以轉化為一種愛護他、愛護慈濟、及愛護社會的作為。
3.法律僅是最低的行事準則,在法律之上,應該還有許多必須遵循的道德守則及企業社會責任,這應該也是慈濟及宗教團體給予社會的教示,如果連宗教團體都僅是談最低標的法律責任,這無疑是讓人失望的。
4.建議慈濟應該多與社會進行溝通對話,如內湖保護區開發案引發了社會頗大爭議,而現在頂新魏家的作為再度嚴重衝擊慈濟。慈濟倘一如以往的緘默以對,笑罵由人,這是否允當?會否造成更大的鴻溝與誤會?慈濟向來予人「入世」的印象,在面對爭議時,倘能坦開心胸,勇於面對與承擔,應會得到社會更大的敬重。
同時發表於徐世榮臉書:https://www.facebook.com/srshiu。
2014年10月20日 星期一
地景藝術節其實是「地景及人權告別式」!
中午時刻,飛車前往桃園參觀地景藝術節,雖稱「參觀」,其實更精準的說,是去跟它「道別」的。這陣子協助桃園航空城自救會的朋友,曾開車經過宏竹村及海軍基地周遭,但是都無法進入,今日終得機會一窺堂奧,自然要把握難得的機會。惟,第一次見面,卻很有可能也就是最後一次了。
車子進入機場,眼前豁然開朗,裡面的空間非常的大(約有427公頃),在目前異常擁擠的都市叢林狀況裡,能夠看到這麼開闊的自然空間,本應是讓人心曠神怡,但情況卻非如此。看此基地,不禁讓我想起今年七月拜訪柏林時,特別去參觀位於市中心的丹波霍夫機場(Tempelhof Airport)。柏林市民特別在今年5月進行公民投票,超過6成的公民反對將機場開發為住宅區和商業區,決定把機場維持作為公園及開放空間,讓市民都能夠享有使用的權利,我非常佩服柏林市民的智慧。然而,反觀台灣,為何無法將此基地保留?我們缺乏相同的智慧嗎?
我不這麼認為!我們缺乏的是都市計畫的民主治理機制!台灣的都市計畫長久以來都是地方政治派系炒作土地及利益交換的工具,而它也成為政治人物用來綁樁及獲取勝選的主要籌碼。為達此目的,都市計畫的擬訂及審議,都是牢牢的掌控在有權勢者的手中。大家只要看「都市計畫委員會」的組成就可以完全的明瞭,地方政府的都委會大抵都是縣市政府一級主管組成,試問,在此情況下,縣府右手提計畫,左手自己審,有哪個案子不會過?到了中央,27位委員中,13位是政府機關代表,學者專家及地方熱心公益人士皆是由政府首長遴聘,立場往往相當曖昧,加上他們也不會每次都會出席,因此,政府代表其實又是實際的多數,試問,又有哪個案子不會過呢?因此,我們目前的公聽會或說明會都僅是徒具形式,一點實質意義也沒有!坦白的說,我們的都市計畫依舊是存活於過往威權獨裁的統治型態,根本稱不上「治理」二字,更遑論會有德國那樣的公民投票機制!
參觀此機場,一定會思考一個非常簡單的問題,即,如果桃園機場真的需要第三跑道,為何不就使用現成這個跑道即可?為什麼要把一個已經花了許多錢興建、目前品質還是非常優良的跑道廢棄、然後再花一大堆錢,另外去興建一個跑道?這符合邏輯嗎?我們政府很有錢嗎?再加上目前計畫中的第三跑道預定地是許多人居住的地方,土地權屬大抵皆是屬於私有,政府倘若要採取強烈的土地徵收手段來剝奪基本人權,就一定要吻合嚴謹的必備要件,試問,政府目前提出的理由充分嗎?我認為一點也不!政府目前的作法就宛如是中國地方政府的「批地」!根本就不把人民的基本權利看在眼裡!桃園航空城的土地徵收若是這樣就通過,可見的是,台灣的人權水準將急速及嚴重的下降!
人在現場,另一大感慨是,桃園縣政府口口聲聲說要紀念「黑貓中隊」,但現場的展覽除了一個機堡掛了二個大幅貓耳朵,及擺設了一群站立的擬人形黑貓玩偶外,又有哪個地方是在紀念「黑貓中隊」呢?而受邀請藝術家們的創作,又有幾件是與「黑貓中隊」有關呢?放置幾隻微笑的黑貓,就代表紀念「黑貓中隊」嗎?「黑貓中隊」是這樣被消費的嗎?此外,今日參觀才知,受邀參展的藝術家大抵只有五位,其中多數還非國人,我詢問現場義工朋友,他們告訴我,除了霍夫曼之外,另二位是來自於中國!堂堂一個地景藝術節,台灣的藝術家們大多不得其門而入,反而邀請的大多數是國外及中國的藝術家,吳志揚縣長及桃園縣政府的心態到底為何?
此次展覽,藝術其實為假,廢棄才是為真!它是「黑貓中隊」的輓歌,同時也是當地被迫遷居民的悲歌!地景藝術節其實是「地景及人權告別式」!
原發表於徐世榮臉書,2014/09/12,https://www.facebook.com/srshiu)
收到Rose Bridger來函
各位朋友,我因桃園縣地景藝術節及桃園航空城土地徵收而寫信給霍夫曼(Florentijn Hofman),惜並未收到他的回信;但是,我近日卻收到英國著名作家Rose Bridger的來信,Bridger女士非常關注飛機場所引發的環境及人權議題,也有許多相關的著作。能夠獲得她的關心與來信,及提供了非常寶貴的資訊,讓我相當的振奮。期待我們大家一起來閱讀她的論著,並努力進行國際連結,讓全球瞭解桃園航空城嚴重迫害人權及危害環境生態的問題。我們一起加油努力!
Dear Professor Shih-Jung HSU
A few days ago I came across your letter to artist Florentijn Hofman requesting his support in raising awareness of the Taoyuan Aerotropolis project and the threat of land expropriation affecting thousands of people. I can help raise awareness of this issue, having researched aerotropolis projects around the world - including in India, the US, Mexico, Malaysia and Sri Lanka. In many instances, the sites selected consist of substantial tracts of farmland and important wildlife habitats, involving forcible acquisition of land and displacement of people.
I am in contact with many organizations and networks that will be very interested in what is happening to people affected by the Taoyuan Aerotropolis project and write articles including for the Ecologist website and the World Development Movement. Articles about the Taoyuan Aerotropolis project would, I am sure, be welcomed.
My book about aviation - Plane Truth: Aviation's Real Impact on People and the Environment has a chapter on aerotropolis projects. Taoyuan is mentioned although I was not able to make contact with anyone affected by it. If you wish, I can send you a copy of the book.
I am inspired by the work of the Foundation for Rural Energy and Environment and the Taiwan Rural Front.
Yours sincerely,
Rose Bridger
非常感謝Kiantix Sun針對此信的的翻譯:
親愛的徐世榮教授:
幾天前我恰巧看到你寄給藝術家Florentijn Hofman的信,要求他幫助你們喚起對桃園航空城計畫與影響成千上萬人的土地掠奪的注意。我可以幫助喚起對這個議題的注意,我曾經研究過世界各地的航空城計畫--包括印度、米國、墨西哥、馬來西亞與斯里蘭卡。在許多案例中,被選定的地點包含大量的農地與重要的野生動物棲地,更涉及強制驅離,造成人們的流離失所。
我正在接觸許多團體與網絡,它們對於受桃園航空城計畫影響的人們,會非常關切,我也正在寫文章,包括寫給生態網站與世界發展運動(the World Development Movement)的文章,而我確定,關於桃園航空城計畫的文章會非常受歡迎。
我關於航空業的著作:「航班真相:航空業對人與環境的真實衝擊(Plane Truth: Aviation's Real Impact on People and the Environment)」就有關於航空城計畫的專章。我在書裡提到桃園,雖然我沒辦法與任何受到這個計畫影響的人接觸。如果你願意,我可以寄一本給你。
我受到農村能源與環境基金會,以及臺灣農村陣線的工作啟發。
Rose Bridger敬上
原發表於徐世榮臉書,2014/09/14,https://www.facebook.com/srshiu)
公開譴責「中國留學生」!
公開譴責「中國留學生」!
針對政治大學台灣學生未稱中國來的學生為「陸生」,而稱「中國留學生」,卻被比中指一事,身為政治大學的教授,本人完全無法接受此事。
事情發展至今,該位「中國留學生」竟然還未出面道歉,本人要予以公開譴責!
/10/發表於徐世榮臉書,2014/10/05,https://www.facebook.com/srshiu)
參與「研商土地徵收條例修法重點座談會」發言稿
各位朋友,內政部明天(2014/10/17)上午將舉辦「研商土地徵收條例修法重點座談會」,主席為林常務次長慈玲,我受邀與會。討論議題有三:
1.現行區段徵收制度之改進
2.土地徵收是否納入聽證程序
3.其他
2.土地徵收是否納入聽證程序
3.其他
我今日整理過去所寫文稿,針對這三大議題,草擬了明日的發言稿,剛才也已經將其寄給內政部承辦人員。我想也把它們放在我的臉書,供朋友們參考,也請大家不吝給予批評指正,謝謝。
(一)針對議題一「現行區段徵收制度之改進」,我們的意見為「立即廢除區段徵收制度」,說明理由如下:
立即廢除區段徵收制度!
我國土地徵收向來浮濫,除了為人詬病的一般徵收外,就是我國獨創的區段徵收制度。何謂區段徵收? 1986年《平均地權條例》修訂時,將其定義為:「本質雖仍為政府以公權力強制取得土地之徵收性質,但事實上,已演變為另一種形式之強制性合作開發事業。」從此,政府將區段徵收視為是與民間合作的土地開發,以此來規避土地徵收必備要件之拘束,區段徵收遂演變成為公部門取得公共設施用地、挹注財政及土地炒作的最佳利器。
政府財政愈是困窘,區段徵收愈是大受青睞,因為它除了可幫政府快速無償取得公共設施用地之外,並可獲得大面積的可建築用地(俗稱配餘地),經由配餘地的讓售或標售,可用來挹注政府財政之所需。因此,1990年行政院特別核定「凡都市計畫擴大、新訂或農業區、保護區變更為建築用地時,一律採區段徵收方式開發。」後來又有十多種法規於制訂或修訂時,相繼納入區段徵收,這使得被徵收的土地倍增。
政府雖將區段徵收定位為合作開發,但事實上,土地所有權人是被強迫參加,完全沒有拒絕的權利。政府認為透過都市計畫手段,土地開發完成後,原本的農地變更為建地,當地也開闢了公共設施,地價自然上漲,由此認定原土地所有權人是得利者,基於「土地使用變更回饋理論」,原土地所有權人因此必須有所貢獻,其主要的做法就是「捐地」。許多經驗顯示,原土地所有權人大概必須捐獻高達70%左右的土地給予政府。
這套精心設計的制度看似合理,其實卻隱藏了許多嚴重問題:
第一、區段徵收雖與一般徵收有異,但本質上仍屬於土地徵收之一種,是對人民財產權、生存權及工作權的剝奪,必須符合憲法及相關大法官解釋文規定。即區段徵收仍然必須嚴格遵守土地徵收所必備的嚴謹要件,如增進公共利益、必要性、比例性、最後手段、及完全補償等。遺憾的,若以這些要件來檢視目前許多區段徵收案,皆是不吻合的。也就是說,被迫捐獻多少土地是一回事,但是,是否符合徵收要件才更是核心關鍵!
第二、倘政府仍刻意要將區段徵收定位為合作開發,那麼雙方應該是公平的,政府必須獲得原土地所有權人同意;或者,這樣的合作開發須由原土地所有權人發動,由他們提出開發及回饋計畫,政府僅擁有核可權,而絕不是越俎代庖,逼迫他們一定要開發。例如,目前針對老舊工業區的變更使用(如遠東及裕隆集團),政府特別訂定審議規範(「都市計畫工業區檢討變更審議規範」),由民間主動提出,雙方由此簽訂開發協議,由業主提供捐獻或回饋,並非是由政府強迫變更。那為何在農業區就會有如此大的差異?這明顯是歧視農民及欺負社會弱勢。
第三、土地是用來生活的,不是用來買賣炒作的。許多人對土地往往有著親密的連結或是依附,這是無法用地價的提高來予以取代的。由許多反對區段徵收者的身上,往往會獲得彼等愛家護土的強烈印象,他們需要的是把土地保留下來,因為土地是他們生命的一部分,是他們安身立命的家。政府強迫他們加入區段徵收合作開發事業,逼迫他們只能接受土地的交換價值,這是個致命的錯誤。
現行區段徵收引發社會龐大爭議,也造成土地正義的淪喪,藉由大埔案的宣判,提醒我們應該立即改正偏頗的土地徵收制度,讓人權及公義得以彰顯。我們因此認為,立即廢除區段徵收制度,應為首要之務!
(二)針對議題二「土地徵收是否納入聽證程序」,我們的意見為「土地徵收應納入聽證程序,並由土地徵收准否機關舉辦」,說明理由如下:
應納入聽證程序,並由徵收准否機關舉辦!
土地徵收係國家因公共事業之需要,對人民受憲法保障之財產權,經由法定程序予以剝奪之謂(司法院釋字第425號) 。人民之財產權、生存權及工作權既為憲法保障之基本人權(憲法第15條),則國家因公用或因其他公益目的之必要,雖得依法徵收人民之財產(司法院釋字第516號、第652號解釋),但仍應符合憲法第23條規定之意旨。再者,土地徵收之立法,乃至法之運用或解釋,均應在著眼增進公共利益之徵收目的之外,亦有必要同時顧及保障人民財產權、生存權及工作權之內涵,意即應考量公益與私益之衡平,始能與憲法規定意旨相符(司法院釋字第409號)。立基於此,土地徵收除需有法律規定外,其要件大抵包含了:促進公共利益、必要性、比例性、最後手段及完全補償等五大項,這五項皆需吻合,不能夠有任何一個缺漏,否則其徵收就缺乏合法性及正當性 。
土地徵收的首要要件即是它必須符合促進公共利益的要求。所謂的公共利益是個抽象的詞彙、不確定法律概念,它必須經由非常嚴謹的行政程序來予以體現,這也就是說,公共利益的定義及其內涵,並非是由政府、行政官僚、或是學者專家單方面就可以決定,而是要開放給土地所有權人及利害關係人共同參與,彼此透過誠心的對話及溝通,踐行公平公開的法律程序,來共同形塑公共利益的內容,其所獲致的結論才是所謂的公共利益。吳庚前大法官也指出,公共利益是「各個成員事實上利益,經由複雜的交互影響過程,所形成理想的整合狀態」,他並特別強調「在多元社會須持續的透過公開討論形成共識」,這才是公共利益。不過,針對土地徵收,我國現行的行政及法律體制卻完全缺乏這個民主參與的管道,這也就是說公共利益的詮釋權完全是由政府及權力擁有者掌控。
〈司法院大法官釋字第409號解釋〉明白指出「徵收土地對人民財產權發生嚴重影響,舉凡徵收土地之各項要件及應踐行之程序,法律規定應不厭其詳。有關徵收目的及用途之明確具體、衡量公益之標準以及徵收急迫性因素等,均應由法律予以明定,俾行政主管機關處理徵收事件及司法機關為適法性審查有所依據。尤其於徵收計畫確定前,應聽取土地所有權人及利害關係人之意見,俾公益考量與私益維護得以兼顧,且有促進決策之透明化作用。…土地法各款用語有欠具體明確,徵收程序之相關規定亦不盡周全,有關機關應檢討修正。」後來政府雖制定〈土地徵收條例〉予以回應,但卻是虛晃一招,只作表面功夫 ,陳立夫即明白指出,「我國之土地徵收程序,並不因土地徵收條例新增上開特點,而得以實踐大法官釋字第409號解釋所宣示關於土地徵收之正當程序;質言之,事實上土地徵收條例欠缺被徵收人陳述意見之規定(2007:228)。」
由於《行政程序法》第164條第1項規定:「行政計畫有關一定地區土地之特定利用或重大公共設施之設置,涉及多數不同利益之人及多數不同行政機關權限者,確定其計畫之裁決,應經公開及聽證程序,並得有集中事權之效果。」而,《行政程序法》第107條第1款也明白規定:「法規明文規定應舉行聽證者。」因此,不論爭議之大小,現行制度應趕快納入聽證程序。又由於土地徵收准否之行政處分乃是由內政部來裁決,因此我們也認為應由內政部來舉辦聽證程序。
(三)針對議題三「其他」,我們認為我國土地徵收相當浮濫,強迫拆遷及驅逐問題嚴重,基本人權保障相對非常缺乏,因此,建議應納入「基本人權保障與健全土地徵收制度」討論議題,說明理由如下:
基本人權保障與健全土地徵收制度!
聯合國《世界人權宣言》中對於財產權非常重視,其第17條明示:「一、人人得有單獨的財產所有權以及同他人共有的所有權;二、任何人的財產不得任意剝奪。」為何特別重視財產權?這是因為它與生存權與人格權緊密連結,無法分離。我國《司法院大法官解釋文釋字第400號》也指陳:「憲法第十五條關於人民財產權應予保障之規定,旨在確保個人依財產之存續狀態行使其自由使用、收益及處分之權能,並免於遭受公權力或第三人之侵害,俾能實現個人自由、發展人格及維護尊嚴。」也就是說,個人的生存及人格是與其財產的擁有與自由支配使用,有著絕對的關係,而這也涉及了人格的獨立自主及人性尊嚴的擁有,因此,對於財產權的侵害,也就剝奪了人民的基本人權。
從苗栗大埔到目前眾多土地徵收案,都涉及了政府對於基本人權的剝奪及強制迫遷。針對這些議題,聯合國也非常重視,這是因為它發現許多國家屢屢以發展為名,進行大型公共工程或基礎建設,致使其國內人民遭致迫遷,造成嚴重社會問題。聯合國在1997年發表了《因發展導致迫遷人權準則(Comprehensive Human Rights Guidelines on Development-Based Displacement)》,強調迫遷嚴重侵犯人權,它僅能在非常例外的情況之下才准予使用;它也認為政府必需窮盡所有可能來尋找替選方案,迫遷僅能是最後不得已的手段。它更於次年公布《國內迫遷指導原則(Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement)》,其中特別強調「對於那些對土地有強烈倚賴及連結的人們,如原住民、少數族群、農民、游牧民族等,國家有特別義務及責任,避免他們遭致迫遷的命運(引自Penz, Drydyk & Bose, 2011, 92)。」
此外,《經濟社會文化權利國際公約》中之《第7號一般性意見書》,特別指出這種因為發展而導致的強迫驅逐。其第7點敘述:「其他一些強迫遷離的事例則是在發展名義下出現。爭奪土地權的衝突,像建造水壩或其他大規模能源專案等發展和基層結構工程、為重新修建城市而徵用土地、重新修建房屋、城市美化方案、農業方面的土地清理、不受控制的土地投機買賣、像奧林匹克等大規模運動會的舉行等,都會導致居民被迫遷離。」
基此,土地徵收及土地掠奪屬基本人權議題,政府本應嚴予保障,不能隨便逾越,但是我國情形卻不是如此。近年來,政府為了解決嚴重財政赤字及經濟成長遲滯問題,及為了達成選舉勝選目的,不斷地帶頭進行土地開發及炒作,政府幾已成為最主要的土地開發商,它帶著建商、財團、地方派系及土地投機者,組成土地炒作縱隊,不斷地四處掠奪土地。但是,那些土地有許多是優良農田,產權也都屬農民所有,為了逼迫農民交出土地,政府不惜頻頻祭出侵害人權的一般徵收、區段徵收等手段,這使得許多農民及人民被剝奪了世代居住的家園,流離失所於原本鍾愛的地方。
政府為了規避侵害人權的事實,創造出好幾套論述與迷思:(1)它把土地徵收窄化為金錢補償問題,只重視土地的交換價值,完全忽視其使用價值及情感認同,因此,二年前《土地徵收條例》修法,僅於「市價補償」上打轉。(2)土地徵收涉及「促進公共利益」要件,政府則是巧妙的把公共利益定義為成本效益問題,僅計算那些可以量化的因素,排除那些無法量化的因素;為了讓開發計畫順利通過,成本效益分析所呈現的結果時常是數據的扭曲,如預期利益的誇大、成本及環境風險低估。(3)公共利益也被扭曲成為科學理性及工程技術的專業問題,人權保障議題至此被轉化為科技問題,需委由專家來予以解決,公共利益因此是由少數專家、行政官僚及由其組成的委員會來給予詮釋及界定,人民則是免開尊口。
但是,這樣的扭曲及誤導終究是無法逃避侵害人權的事實。近年來我們看到政府不斷的對社會弱者下重手,赤裸裸的劫貧濟富,剝奪他們最後僅存的土地,這逼使老農及都更災民走上街頭抗議,有人含恨而終、甚且是飲藥自盡,這真是讓人悲憤難過!我們要再次強調,土地的意涵是相當豐富、多元及複雜,例如,它可以是經濟生產要素、獲利的資產;另一方面,它也可以被視之為是環境生態的永續資源,是我們生存不可或缺的元素;但是,更為重要的,土地是我們主觀認同的空間,它是我們安身立命的家,是我們心靈連結及依靠的處所,它除了是非賣品外,更是我們生活的根本。
基於此,在財產權考量之外,土地及房屋更是與生存權與人格權緊密連結,無法分離。也就是說,個人的生存及人格是與其財產的擁有與自由支配使用,有著絕對的關係,因此,對於財產權的侵害,也就涉及了對於生存權與人格權的剝奪。我國早已解除戒嚴,本應回歸憲政及國際人權標準,充分體現社會公義,如今馬英九總統既然也已經簽署聯合國兩人權公約,人民基本人權本應獲得充分保障。盼望政府及財團派系能夠懸崖勒馬,並立即修改《土地徵收條例》,讓它能夠符合民主憲政國家之標準,不要再進行浮濫的土地徵收及土地掠奪,為許多土地被強制徵收者保留一條生路!
以上,敬請參酌。
發表於徐世榮臉書,2014/10/16,https://www.facebook.com/srshiu/posts/1571978409697546)
在「麥當勞」與「摩斯漢堡」之間
政大最熱鬧的側門被稱為「麥側」,因為它的斜對面就是「麥當勞」,由於公車站牌就在旁邊,每日人進人出,川流不息。「麥當勞」的旁邊,幾年前開了一家「摩斯漢堡」,兩家店的生意都好的很。但我今日波文的重點既不是要談「麥當勞」,也不是要講「摩斯漢堡」,而是要請大家留意,在這兩家店之間,其實是緊緊夾著一間公寓,而多年以來,這間公寓的鐵門都是拉下來的,大概從我唸大學的時候就是如此,至今好像都沒有任何的改變。我不知屋主是誰,我也不知為什麼鐵門一直不願開啟,但它卻成為我上課時的教材。
我時常以它為例,請同學們思考土地及房屋的價值。指南路上熙熙攘攘,商業行為活絡,每個房屋都是金店面,一個月的租金至少都是十萬元以上,若以三十年為期,這間房屋的屋主,所損失的租金就已經是高達數千萬元,但是屋主竟然是完全的不為所動,你是否覺得屋主相當的不理性呢?我們可否直接敲門,要求屋主將房屋做高度的經濟使用?例如高價出租或是出售?但是,如果屋主不願意呢?我們可以來強迫他一定要依照經濟邏輯來思考並行事嗎?
什麼是土地的價值?一般我會將其分為三個部分,第一為經濟價值,即將土地視之為商品或資產(asset),是可以用來賺錢獲利的;第二為環境價值,即將土地視之為生態環境不可或缺的資源(resource),它不會因為是否為人類所用,才來彰顯其價值,這些資源有其自我存在的重要意義;第三為主觀的認同,即將土地及房屋視之為安身立命的地方(place),也就是所謂的家。這三大部分都是主觀的價值,無所謂的對或是錯,皆必須予以尊重。但是,由於土地具備壟斷性格,其價格可以主觀予以創造,因此,在資本主義的社會裡,有權勢者往往將土地視為賺錢的工具,並逼迫別人也要從相同的角度來思考。
由於有權勢者覬覦於別人的土地,因此也創造出一些法規制度,用來剝奪人家的土地及房屋。他們強迫別人僅能由土地的金錢交換價格來評斷土地的價值,他們並堅持,只要給予相當的金錢補償,就可以任意來取走別人的土地及房屋。因此,相關制度被設計出來:如「土地徵收」著重的是金錢補償的價格(一般徵收)、或是抵價地分配的比例(區段徵收);「市地重劃」著重的是抵費地的分配比例及位置;「都市更新」著重的則是權利價值的變換,只要給錢或是給予相當比例的土地,就可以大辣辣的把人家的土地取走,並把人趕走。
但是,這些有權勢者嚴重忽略了土地的多元價值,在他們眼裡,土地只是金錢,是投機炒作的工具。但是,對於那些土地被剝奪者,我們往往會聽到他們大聲的吶喊,這是我的家,我不願意搬離長久居住的家與社區。但是,他們這樣的述說,卻往往不被有權勢者所尊重,竟然還被批評為「不理性」!
然而,當我們確認土地原本就有多元價值的時候,誰才是真正的不理性呢?是要去徵收人家土地的政府及財團?還是那些被徵收戶呢?我認為是前者,他們才是真正的不理性者。我要很坦誠的向大家說,我幫助了那麼多因為土地徵收而組成的自救會,從來沒有一個自救會曾經向我開口,要求我去幫他們多要點金錢補償,從來沒有!他們往往告訴我,這裡是我的家,家是非賣品,我的家不賣,那股愛鄉愛土的精神,往往讓我非常的感動。
文末,你還會覺得在「麥當勞」與「摩斯漢堡」之間的屋主很不理性嗎?讓我再告訴你,在同一條街上,其實也有少數幾間房屋的屋主也是有著相同的行為,他們堅守著對於家的認同,不離不棄!換個角度,讓我們延伸思考,你要如何看待桃園航空城自救會的抗爭行動?你又要如何看待台南鐵路地下化東移自救會的抗爭行動?你又要如何看待其他許許多多自救會的抗爭行動?…,有了金錢補償或是安置住宅就可以剝奪人家與土地的關係及對於家的認同嗎?究竟誰才是不理性呢?
希望你能夠記得,在「麥當勞」與「摩斯漢堡」之間,還有一個溫馨的家!
發表於徐世榮臉書及公民行動影音紀錄資料庫,2014/09/09,http://www.civilmedia.tw/archives/21779)
懷念張森文大哥!
懷念張森文大哥!
因協助苗栗大埔土地徵收案而與張森文大哥及其一家人結識,張大哥個性沈穩,不多話,是個善良的人,也是位愛妻子、兒女、及戀家的人。他的生活領域大概只是圍繞著二個重心,一個是「張藥房」,另一個則是新竹縣衛生局的上班場所。他的夫人-秀春姊告訴我,他每日清晨即起,把家裡打掃乾淨,大小事情料理完畢之後,再去上班,下班之後,也是直接回家,照料家中事務,這樣的生活週而復始,表面上看似平淡無奇,但若是慢慢咀嚼,卻也是充滿了溫馨與甜美。
想不到這樣的日子卻被劉政鴻、地方惡勢力、苗栗縣府、及中央政府完全的摧毀了。位於公義路與仁愛路交角的「張藥房」,過去已經因為公義路的拓寬曾經被徵收過二次,土地及房屋像切豆腐一樣的一次一次被割去,土地面積也從原先的二十幾坪割剩至最後的六坪,而「張藥房」就是座落在這最後僅存的六坪土地之上。這一次卻因為竹南科學園區周遭農地的炒作開發,政府狠心動用都市計畫及區段徵收手段,竟然連最後這六坪也不得保留。難怪地方人士因此感嘆:公義路既沒公義,仁愛路也沒仁愛!
張大哥認為護家應該是他的責任,因此往往因為無法保護秀春姊、兒女、及「張藥房」而深切自責。但是,對方的力量實在是太大了,里長、鄰居、地方派系、及苗栗縣府那邊屢屢掠下狠話,加上公權力掌握在劉政鴻手中,警察及便衣不時出現在「張藥房」周遭,這讓張大哥承受了非常大的壓力,原本健康的身心慢慢出現病徵,發病時,時常杯弓蛇影、疑神疑鬼。「張藥房」拆除之前,他的精神狀況已經出現嚴重問題,在潘建志醫師的協助下,農陣年輕朋友們陪伴他至台北新光醫院就診,在拆屋的前幾天,他因擔心來幫忙的老師及學生可能會受傷,情況因此更是惡化,我們不得不連夜趕緊送他北上住院醫治。拆屋時,也就是劉政鴻所說「天賜良機」的那一天,他不在家,而是在醫院裡面,我後來去看他時,只見他整個人捲縮在病床上,兩眼無神,反應相當遲緩,唉,讓人相當感嘆,政府及政客怎麼這麼殘忍,把善良百姓整成這個樣子!
後來情況稍穩,張大哥也不斷要求要出院,在主治醫生的允許下,終於讓他離開醫院。出院時,是個豔陽天,我們還先在醫院旁的火鍋店共進午餐,張大哥的心情非常的愉悅,吃飯時,看他與秀春姊相互夾菜及關懷對方的小動作,讓人深感二人鶼鰈情深。感謝秀春姊的信任,在朱淑娟小姐的陪同下,由我開車護送張大哥回到苗栗。路上,我們不斷給他心理建設,告訴他「張藥房」已經被拆了,希望他能放開胸懷,勇敢面對未來人生。他的回答往往非常簡單,「好的」、「會的」,但我的內心清楚,他是非常難過的,一個那麼愛家的人怎麼可能輕易的就放得下?回到苗栗之前,他特別要求我先在竹北交流道下,因為他要回新竹縣政府衛生局,也就是他退休前的工作場所,讓他的老同事們知道他已經恢復健康了,請他們不要掛念。唉,一個生病初癒的人,心中惦記的,竟然是他多年的好同事。
由於張大哥是個老實人,待人和善,也很願意幫助別人,因此,後來發生的事情大概你也猜的出來。每當他進入一間辦公室,就是一陣的驚呼,然後接下來就是大家哭成一團,大家圍著他、抱著他、又哭又笑,高興的是他出院了,難過的是他竟然會有這麼悲慘的人生。後來大家聚集在二樓走廊,一起幫他加油打氣,張大哥這時反而是忍住悲傷,一一跟同事握手,並說,「沒事了、沒事了,不要擔心」,反而是張大哥在安慰他們。在一陣對話及祝福勉勵之後,張大哥向同事們一一告別,同事們護送他至一樓停車場,在大家的包圍及祝福之下,我將車子緩緩駛離衛生局,我從車內後視鏡中,強烈感受到大家對他的關懷與不捨。
車子再上高速公路,繼續往南開去,這時開始換我緊張了,內心不時在盤算,等一下張大哥看到「張藥房」被拆的樣子,他會有什麼樣的反應?如果他太過於激動,我該怎麼辦?是立刻把他拉進車內,原車馬上北返回醫院,還是…?我內心好緊張,但卻不敢跟坐在前座的淑娟講,就這樣,大家一路上都在講表面話,我跟淑娟不斷地跟他說「你要放下」,他也不斷地回答「會的」,但是我根本就不相信他會放下,我是愈講愈緊張,卻又不得不講。最後,這一刻終究還是要面對,還好元豪及許多好朋友都已經在路口等候,車子左轉停在仁愛路路口,我讓張大哥下車,只見許多人一一前來握手慰問,他慢步走入「張藥房」原先的座落位置,凝視著那唯一僅存的一面牆,接下來是不斷地撫摸著那面牆,並抬頭看牆上所劃下的圖案及文字,不發一語,再過一陣子,他似乎在找尋什麼東西,很希望能找到及帶走什麼似的,但現場是一片空曠,哪還有東西?看在我的眼裡,那真是辛酸及萬分痛苦的時刻。這時,還好,朱炳坤大哥終於走過去,一手緊緊摟住張大哥的肩膀,兩人同時低泣,此時,無聲勝有聲。
再來,只是間接陸續得知張大哥的近況,無緣再見,當九月十八日農陣年輕朋友緊張來電,告知張大哥失蹤了,我心頭一驚,有不詳的感覺,立即打電話給警界負責聯繫的警官,建議馬上加派人員,趕緊把人找到。下午時刻,不幸消息傳來,我趕緊南下,人雖到張府,卻被檢警擋在門口,不得見張大哥,縱然秀春姊百般求情,警察卻完全不為所動,我與秀春姊只能在門口相擁而泣。臨近傍晚時刻,警察才放行,我及許多朋友才得以進入探視張大哥,啊,那真是刻骨銘心、一輩子都忘不了的痛苦經驗!
接下來,最讓人痛恨的就是劉政鴻要來硬上香這一段,對照張大哥生前,劉政鴻是透過公權力,對張大哥及家屬百般的凌虐,如今張大哥走了,「張藥房」也被他「天賜良機」的拆除,他來上香的目的何在?張大哥及家屬又怎麼有可能會歡迎呢?家屬又難道不能拒絕嗎?那時大家阻擋在家門口,不讓劉政鴻進入,而劉政鴻竟然下令竹南警分局員警強硬開道,世間竟然有如此霸道的惡人!我原本站在大門口正中央,高舉雙手,大聲呼喊「家屬不歡迎,縣長請回」,但是幾十名員警竟然用手肘把我們推至一旁,你知道警察在推開我們時,嘴裡說什麼話嗎?他們不斷地說「要理性、要理性、要理性…」,啊,不理性的人不就是劉政鴻及這批員警嗎?怎麼反過來要我們要理性呢?難怪為廷後來會氣不過,直接把鞋子丟過去!還好,那時詹順貴律師建議,直接把鐵門拉下,否則劉政鴻就進入屋內了。
其實,還有一個重點是外界至今都還不知道的,即當劉政鴻來的時候,屋內僅有一具大體,張大哥的牌位還未準備妥適,根本是無香可上的。整個下午檢察官都是不斷地在警察局內訊問元豪,家屬根本沒時間去現場招魂,哪來的牌位呢?我人在現場,聽見禮儀社人員不斷提醒家屬應去招魂了,因為根據民間習俗,入夜之後,張大哥的魂魄就會離去,這讓我們心急如焚,但劉政鴻卻在此時前來作秀攪局,那時尚未有牌位,他要如何上香呢?他是要來檢視大體的嗎?為什麼張大哥人都走了,還不放過他呢?在劉政鴻離開之後,在禮儀社人員督促下,元豪才趕緊去招魂,那時已幾近晚上時分。此外,同樣讓人難過的是,為廷今年因為丟鞋而被判刑,但是,倘若法官知道事情的原委及其全貌,還會這麼判嗎?有罪或無罪難道僅只看丟鞋的動作而已嗎?
地方官員是這付惡形惡狀,中央大員也沒有好到哪裡去。我曾陪伴自救會的朋友進入行政院及官府多次協商,印象最深的,就是四年前的八月十七日,在行政院第一招待室內,吳敦義前院長主持協調會,與會者包括林中森前秘書長、江宜樺前內政部長、劉政鴻縣長、葉世文前營建署長等人,當時的氣氛是一團和氣,大家臉上都堆滿著笑容,吳敦義前院長拍胸脯保證一定會把房子保留下來,江宜樺及劉政鴻皆無異議,行政院秘書處並在八月二十三日正式行文,白紙黑字寫著「原屋原地保留」,但那裡知道,「張藥房」還是被拆,中華民國竟然堂堂連行政院長的話都不可信,行政院的正式公文也是謊言,政府之誠信蕩然無存!至此,人民還有什麼可以相信的呢?如果政府還是要拆,那當初為何要答應自救會呢?為什麼要讓張大哥空歡喜一場呢?這六坪,在你們大官的眼裡,可能根本不算什麼,或許就如同是鼻屎一塊,但是,對張大哥及秀春姊就絕然不同了,因為這裡是他們「起家厝」,這裡是他們的根,他們一家人就是從這裡開始打拼出來的!你們知道嗎?
之後,在詹順貴律師、李明芝律師、及元貞聯合法律事務所年輕律師團的共同努力下,今年一月三日「台中高等行政法院」更一審,張藥房終獲勝訴,消息傳來,大家除欣喜外,又是一陣的落淚,他們的痛苦終於獲得一些撫慰,社會的氛圍也為之丕變。過往,在政府強力宣傳下,他們往往被視為是不理性的「釘子戶」,一定是另有所圖,但是去年十一月「最高行政法院」發回重審的判決文、及今年年初「台中高等行政法院」更一審的判決內容,改變了許多人原本根深蒂固的錯誤觀念,他們開始思考了,並發現問題的本質其實是我國的土地徵收太過於隨意、浮濫,根本不符合土地徵收必備之要件,嚴重侵害及剝奪人民的基本人權。內政部原本考慮是否再提上訴,為此,內部曾邀集學者專家召開諮詢會議,學者幾乎皆異口同聲、口徑一致的建議不要上訴,因為,要翻轉的機率幾乎是零!後來內政部也從善如流,沒有再提上訴,全案因此定讞。
但是,張大哥走了,「張藥房」也被拆了,這個勝訴對張家還有意義嗎?回憶過往張大哥還在世時,他每次遇到我,總是會問我一個相同的問題,「老師,我到底犯了什麼罪,政府要這樣的對我?老師,他們憑什麼來決定我們的生死?」我總是難過的不知如何予以回應,對照這個判決,答案已經非常的清楚,他根本就沒有犯罪,反而是這個政府犯罪了!但是,無罪的,卻犧牲了,已經走了,房子及家都被毀了;犯罪的,如今竟然還高居廟堂之上,貴為副總統、行政院長、縣長等,還有一位因收了遠雄的錢,如今還關在牢裡,他們沒有任何一位因錯誤的都市計畫與土地徵收而受到懲罰,試問,世間的公平正義怎會是如此的安排?而由張大哥的過世,也讓我深深感受到,政府的浮濫土地徵收,其實是一個被台灣社會嚴重忽略的死刑,政府「依法行政」的胡亂土地徵收,其實也是社會強者對於社會弱者的一種大屠殺!
如今,這種大屠殺竟然沒有因張大哥的過世及政府的敗訴而停止!內政部迫於外在的壓力,形式上,似要重啟《土地徵收條例》的修法,但是由於台灣的都市計畫及土地徵收已經成為地方政治派系炒作土地、賺取暴利、及利益交換的工具,同時也是政治人物用來綁樁及獲取勝選的主要籌碼,它們已成為強權者吸食已久的嗎啡、強力膠、及大麻,很難戒除。因此,台灣從北到南,政府依舊是瘋狂的進行土地徵收,而且是藍綠兩黨皆然,如淡海新市鎮、八里台北港、林口A7站區、桃園航空城、新竹璞玉計畫(台知園區)、新竹二重埔、台中水湳機場、台中神岡浮圳、彰化田中高鐵特定區、台南鐵路地下化東移、台南永康砲校、宜蘭烏石港等,政府、財團及派系把土地徵收當成是土地開發炒作及賺取暴利的手段,依舊是嚴重侵害基本人權!許多人更夸夸而言,辯稱土地徵收是公共建設的必要條件,心中仍然抱持著國家要有建設,必然要有土地徵收的陳舊觀念。對於這些人,我通常的回應是,去看看美、日、德、英等國吧,它們甚少進行土地徵收,難道就沒有建設了嗎?不是的,它們的公共建設依舊是不斷地在進行,公共建設不必然是要與土地徵收做連結的。遺憾地,由於我國政府嚴重行政怠惰,每每以提升行政效率為藉口,任意的便宜行事,總是把土地徵收當成是「最優先、甚且是唯一」的手段,但是,土地徵收其實應該是「最後、且是迫不得已」的手段才對,然而,我國政府這種惡劣暴行至今不僅不改,甚且是變本加厲!
張大哥是位平凡的人,卻白白被犧牲了,但他的離去給台灣社會強大的衝擊。我們要如何懷念張大哥?該如何來告慰他在天之靈?我們除了要求那六坪土地必須歸還張家、在原地蓋回「張藥房」、及政府應進行國賠之外,我們同時也要努力阻止類似悲劇的再發生!盼望大家都能夠關心生活周遭因都市計畫及土地徵收而正遭受到迫害的朋友們,勇敢的站出來,協助他們,堅定的向惡勢力說不,因為幫助他們,其實也是幫助自己,這是因為在缺乏公義的社會裡,大家是輪流在做那被迫害的少數,只是你不知何時會被選中而已。而這種政府財團派系作莊,大家輪流被犧牲的卑劣行徑,應該是到了必須要停止的時候了。至於那些明知為惡法,卻依舊執法的行政官員們,請不要每次只會說「依法行政」了,也請不要再為虎作倀了,可否請深切反思,發揮道德良知,緊密與公民社會合作,趕快修改早就不合時宜的都市計畫及土地徵收制度?台灣要向前走,一定要修正這種不公不義、侵害人權甚鉅的惡法。各位朋友,我們堅定信念,一起行動打拼,不信公義喚不回!我想,這應是我們懷念張大哥的最佳作法了!
寫於香港中文大學學術會議颱風夜旅次
發表於徐世榮臉書,2014/09/17。https://www.facebook.com/srshiu/posts/1559903224238398:0)
內政部屠宰場
大家可能都不知道,內政部有一間屠宰場,被宰殺的對象並非是雞鴨牛豬羊,而是活生生的人及土地。在屠宰場的現場,你看不到任何兇殘的屠宰工具,所見的,反而是代表文明的麥克風、會議桌椅、美麗風景照片、與穿著正式的官員與學者專家們,但是,這間會議室所產出的會議結果,卻是帶來了血淋淋的屠宰效果。
這間屠宰場位於哪裡?它是位於台北市八德路營建署的六樓會議室。因為,凡是「土地使用計畫(包含都市計畫、區域計畫、國家公園計畫等)」的新訂、擴大、或是變更,大抵都是必須經過這間會議室的決議。由於這些計畫的內容時常會涉及土地徵收,主席往往也就在這間會議室內大膽及越權的裁決:未來這些計畫的開發方式必須以一般徵收、或區段徵收來進行。屠宰工作因此正式展開。
過往,由於後續重要的土地徵收審議會議都未進行實質審查,而僅是做形式審查,因此從八德路營建署送至徐州路地政司的案件,幾乎都是快速通過的(大埔就是最佳例子)。就這樣子,土地使用計畫與土地徵收計畫緊密配合,內政部不斷地發出土地徵收行政處分,讓地方及中央政府頻繁的到處拆人房子,毀人農田,逼迫社會弱勢者走上絕路。
許多被屠宰過的犧牲者都曾經在這間會議室留下身影,大埔張森文大哥來過、灣寶張木村大哥也來過、相思寮阿公阿嬤也都來過、桃園航空城呂文忠是捧著亡父呂阿雲的照片來過...,他們有許多人都走了,還沒走的,有許多位現在都是罹患精神性疾病。他們目前的生活都極端地不安,因為掌權者隨時都準備要把他們送進這間屠宰場。
這星期五(10/17),這間屠宰場又開工了,這次被送上來的屠宰對象是新竹縣竹北的台知園區計畫(或稱璞玉計畫),在我拍的照片裡,你有看見新竹縣長、副縣長...等人嗎?誰說台灣社會只有頂新味全黑心?這個政府有比較好嗎?
下次經過八德路,建議進去參觀一下,看看這間屠宰場的樣貌。我真希望未來會議室牆上美麗的風景照片能夠取下,換上那群被犧牲者的照片,以此來「彰顯」這間屠宰場的「戰利品」、與其「豐功偉蹟」,這樣必定會更為傳神。
(發表於徐世榮臉書,2014/10/19。https://www.facebook.com/srshiu)
2014年8月11日 星期一
Scandal highlights skewed focus
The publisher of the Journal of Vibration and Control recently withdrew 60 papers by Chen Chen-yuan (陳震遠), also known as Peter Chen, who allegedly promoted publication of the papers based on fake peer reviews. The case has become a world-class scandal due to massive international media coverage, seriously hurting Taiwan’s reputation.
Surprisingly, former minister of education Chiang Wei-ling (蔣偉寧) was also enmeshed in the scandal, as he was listed as coauthor on five of the papers.
Chiang responded to questions by saying that he was unaware of the listings and that he did not maintain a relationship with Chen. This did not conform with the usual academic practice. How could he possibly be unaware that he was listed as coauthor, especially as the papers were included on his publication list — or was he unaware of that too?
He also said that he did not know Chen, but the Liberty Times (sister paper of the Taipei Times) reported recently that they had cooperated for more than a decade and jointly published several other papers between 2002 and 2010; Chiang’s denial was clearly groundless.
Since the issue is closely related to academic ethics and the reputation of the nation’s academic environment as a whole, the government must handle it seriously and provide an explanation.
Premier Jiang Yi-huah (江宜樺) has ordered the Ministry of Science and Technology to investigate the case, but the University Act (大學法) says that the Ministry of Education, not the science ministry, is the authority over universities.
The education ministry, then, must take on its responsibility and carry the initiative to investigate the issue by contacting the editor-in-chief of SAGE Publications to clarify why each of the 60 papers were withdrawn. This must be followed with appropriate decisions fully in line with academic ethics.
If Chen and Chiang are innocent, their names must be cleared.
The scandal has forced academia to face another big problem: the distorted university evaluation-and-reward mechanism. Directed by the disciplines of natural science, technology and economics, the government has used the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Science Citation Index (SCI) and Engineering Index (EI) as key publication indices for evaluation in recent years. In other words, an academic’s contribution is measured by the number of publications in SSCI, SCI or EI journals and scores.
These figures are crucial to the evaluation, reward and promotion of academics, not to mention that both the education and science ministries’ university evaluations and resource distribution are based mainly on these figures.
All schools strive to be listed among the so-called “top universities” so they can obtain more funds from the government. Accordingly, they push teachers to publish papers in relevant journals.
Since the number of publications in certain journals is prioritized, academics become paper-producing machines, while overlooking the importance of teaching and school services. Some make inquiries about the preferences of editors-in-chief of such journals and curry favor with them, while others ask which journals are likely to accept their papers more easily, cutting a thesis into several papers while listing each other as coauthors. They care only about the quantity of their research, not the quality.
Even worse, this practice distorts Taiwan’s knowledge system, as quantitative research in science and technology and disciplines in which it is easier to produce a paper become mainstream and obtain a large amount of resources. On the contrary, qualitative research in sociology and the humanities is marginalized and barely survives at the university level, because mass production of papers in such disciplines is impossible.
However, the essence of the nation’s social problems remains unchanged, despite the distorted university evaluation-and-reward mechanism. Social problems with Taiwanese characteristics are surely related to the people and history of this land. Unfortunately, the knowledge system created by our universities is not used to resolve most of these problems; it is used to produce papers for publication in SSCI, SCI or EI journals.
The result is that the nation’s universities and society are slipping further apart. As for academics, they are isolated in their ivory tower — and often mocked for being unrealistic.
Although the alleged peer-review fraud is an individual case, it has great significance for the system as a whole.
Hopefully, the government will face the problem head on. Apart from handling this individual case properly, it must recognize the value of academic disciplines outside the mainstream and promptly remedy the biased university evaluation-and-reward mechanism.
Then, academics will no longer be taken in by the illusory importance of quantity or cause more world-class scandals that run counter to academic ethics.
Surprisingly, former minister of education Chiang Wei-ling (蔣偉寧) was also enmeshed in the scandal, as he was listed as coauthor on five of the papers.
Chiang responded to questions by saying that he was unaware of the listings and that he did not maintain a relationship with Chen. This did not conform with the usual academic practice. How could he possibly be unaware that he was listed as coauthor, especially as the papers were included on his publication list — or was he unaware of that too?
He also said that he did not know Chen, but the Liberty Times (sister paper of the Taipei Times) reported recently that they had cooperated for more than a decade and jointly published several other papers between 2002 and 2010; Chiang’s denial was clearly groundless.
Since the issue is closely related to academic ethics and the reputation of the nation’s academic environment as a whole, the government must handle it seriously and provide an explanation.
Premier Jiang Yi-huah (江宜樺) has ordered the Ministry of Science and Technology to investigate the case, but the University Act (大學法) says that the Ministry of Education, not the science ministry, is the authority over universities.
The education ministry, then, must take on its responsibility and carry the initiative to investigate the issue by contacting the editor-in-chief of SAGE Publications to clarify why each of the 60 papers were withdrawn. This must be followed with appropriate decisions fully in line with academic ethics.
If Chen and Chiang are innocent, their names must be cleared.
The scandal has forced academia to face another big problem: the distorted university evaluation-and-reward mechanism. Directed by the disciplines of natural science, technology and economics, the government has used the Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Science Citation Index (SCI) and Engineering Index (EI) as key publication indices for evaluation in recent years. In other words, an academic’s contribution is measured by the number of publications in SSCI, SCI or EI journals and scores.
These figures are crucial to the evaluation, reward and promotion of academics, not to mention that both the education and science ministries’ university evaluations and resource distribution are based mainly on these figures.
All schools strive to be listed among the so-called “top universities” so they can obtain more funds from the government. Accordingly, they push teachers to publish papers in relevant journals.
Since the number of publications in certain journals is prioritized, academics become paper-producing machines, while overlooking the importance of teaching and school services. Some make inquiries about the preferences of editors-in-chief of such journals and curry favor with them, while others ask which journals are likely to accept their papers more easily, cutting a thesis into several papers while listing each other as coauthors. They care only about the quantity of their research, not the quality.
Even worse, this practice distorts Taiwan’s knowledge system, as quantitative research in science and technology and disciplines in which it is easier to produce a paper become mainstream and obtain a large amount of resources. On the contrary, qualitative research in sociology and the humanities is marginalized and barely survives at the university level, because mass production of papers in such disciplines is impossible.
However, the essence of the nation’s social problems remains unchanged, despite the distorted university evaluation-and-reward mechanism. Social problems with Taiwanese characteristics are surely related to the people and history of this land. Unfortunately, the knowledge system created by our universities is not used to resolve most of these problems; it is used to produce papers for publication in SSCI, SCI or EI journals.
The result is that the nation’s universities and society are slipping further apart. As for academics, they are isolated in their ivory tower — and often mocked for being unrealistic.
Although the alleged peer-review fraud is an individual case, it has great significance for the system as a whole.
Hopefully, the government will face the problem head on. Apart from handling this individual case properly, it must recognize the value of academic disciplines outside the mainstream and promptly remedy the biased university evaluation-and-reward mechanism.
Then, academics will no longer be taken in by the illusory importance of quantity or cause more world-class scandals that run counter to academic ethics.
Hsu Shih-jung is a professor in National Chengchi University’s land economics department.
Translated by Eddy Chang
Published in the Taipei Times, July 19, 2014, P. 8.
2014年7月15日 星期二
學術醜聞與「I」級象牙塔
我國學者論文審稿造假,有六十篇學術論文遭國際期刊撤銷,此事在國際媒體大肆報導下,已成為相當不堪的醜聞,嚴重影響我國聲譽。豈知,更為驚爆之處乃是教育部蔣偉寧部長竟然也身涉其中,其列名之五篇論文也同遭撤銷。蔣部長雖以「不知情、不認識」來回應外界的質疑,然這明顯與學術常理不相符合,自己掛名的文章怎會不知情呢?尤其是這些論文皆已列入蔣部長的學術著作目錄之中,難道連這也不知道嗎?另外,蔣部長說他不認識對方,但最新消息卻明確指出,雙方合作已超過十年,並共同發表了十篇論文,不認識之說不攻自破。
此事與學術倫理緊密相關,也牽連著台灣學術界的整體風評,政府必須嚴肅處理,給台灣社會一個交代。至今,江揆雖下令科技部進行調查,但是依照《大學法》,教育部才是我國大學教學、研究、評鑑、升等、獎勵等之主管機關,它更是應該責無旁貸的主動調查,並與該學術期刊前任主編及SAGE公司聯繫合作,將這六十篇論文被撤銷的原因查個水落石出,並做出符合學術倫理之適當處置,倘有冤枉,也必須還給學者一個公道。但是,教育部迄今卻無法啟動調查機制,原因乃是部長本人也牽涉其中,所以,若部長不離開這個職位,調查無法啟動,眾多學者及台灣學術界聲譽恐也將持續蒙塵。
此醜陋個案促使台灣學術界必須面對另一嚴重問題,即目前偏頗的評鑑及獎勵制度。曾幾何時,在自然理工及經濟學科的主導之下,政府引入了國外SSCI、SCI、EI等學術期刊指標,學者的學術貢獻度主要是計算他在這些期刊中發表論文的篇數及點數,這些數量也成為學者升等、評鑑、獎勵等的關鍵指標。而教育部及科技部對於各大學的評比與資源分派,主要也是以這些數量為主,這使得各大學為求成為「頂尖大學」或「卓越大學」,紛紛撒下重金,獎勵學者生產那些期刊指標內的論文。
由於數量優先,學者被扭曲成為論文生產的機器,嚴重輕忽了教學與服務的同等重要性;有學者並會探詢國外期刊主編所偏愛的課題,特予迎合;也有學者會互傳那一些期刊比較容易刊登,並將一篇論文拆解成多篇論文,相互掛名,形成「重量不重質」的現象。
更嚴重者,大學裡的知識典範也因此出現了非常畸形的發展,以量化及科技為主、容易發表論文的研究成為主流,並取得龐大的資源;相對地,以質化為主、社會人文歷史的研究都變成了邊緣學科,在大學裡苟延殘喘,因為它們的論文根本無法量產。然而,社會問題的本質並不會因為大學的評鑑及獎勵制度而來改變,台灣的社會問題必定是具備台灣特質,跟這裡的人、地、歷史緊密相關。遺憾地,大學裡所建構起來的知識典範卻不是用來解決這些問題的,它是用來發表國外「I」級學術論文的,這使得台灣的大學與台灣社會漸行漸遠,二者之間出現了龐大的鴻溝,學者自我禁錮於「I」級象牙塔裡,屢屢被譏為狀況外。
此次審稿造假雖為個案,卻也有其制度面深層意涵,期盼政府能夠嚴肅對待。除處理個案之外,也能肯認不同的知識典範,並改變目前偏頗的評鑑及獎勵制度,讓學者不再陷入量的迷思,製造出這種違背學術倫理的國際級醜聞。
發表於《自由時報》〈自由共和國〉,2014/07/14,A14。
此事與學術倫理緊密相關,也牽連著台灣學術界的整體風評,政府必須嚴肅處理,給台灣社會一個交代。至今,江揆雖下令科技部進行調查,但是依照《大學法》,教育部才是我國大學教學、研究、評鑑、升等、獎勵等之主管機關,它更是應該責無旁貸的主動調查,並與該學術期刊前任主編及SAGE公司聯繫合作,將這六十篇論文被撤銷的原因查個水落石出,並做出符合學術倫理之適當處置,倘有冤枉,也必須還給學者一個公道。但是,教育部迄今卻無法啟動調查機制,原因乃是部長本人也牽涉其中,所以,若部長不離開這個職位,調查無法啟動,眾多學者及台灣學術界聲譽恐也將持續蒙塵。
此醜陋個案促使台灣學術界必須面對另一嚴重問題,即目前偏頗的評鑑及獎勵制度。曾幾何時,在自然理工及經濟學科的主導之下,政府引入了國外SSCI、SCI、EI等學術期刊指標,學者的學術貢獻度主要是計算他在這些期刊中發表論文的篇數及點數,這些數量也成為學者升等、評鑑、獎勵等的關鍵指標。而教育部及科技部對於各大學的評比與資源分派,主要也是以這些數量為主,這使得各大學為求成為「頂尖大學」或「卓越大學」,紛紛撒下重金,獎勵學者生產那些期刊指標內的論文。
由於數量優先,學者被扭曲成為論文生產的機器,嚴重輕忽了教學與服務的同等重要性;有學者並會探詢國外期刊主編所偏愛的課題,特予迎合;也有學者會互傳那一些期刊比較容易刊登,並將一篇論文拆解成多篇論文,相互掛名,形成「重量不重質」的現象。
更嚴重者,大學裡的知識典範也因此出現了非常畸形的發展,以量化及科技為主、容易發表論文的研究成為主流,並取得龐大的資源;相對地,以質化為主、社會人文歷史的研究都變成了邊緣學科,在大學裡苟延殘喘,因為它們的論文根本無法量產。然而,社會問題的本質並不會因為大學的評鑑及獎勵制度而來改變,台灣的社會問題必定是具備台灣特質,跟這裡的人、地、歷史緊密相關。遺憾地,大學裡所建構起來的知識典範卻不是用來解決這些問題的,它是用來發表國外「I」級學術論文的,這使得台灣的大學與台灣社會漸行漸遠,二者之間出現了龐大的鴻溝,學者自我禁錮於「I」級象牙塔裡,屢屢被譏為狀況外。
此次審稿造假雖為個案,卻也有其制度面深層意涵,期盼政府能夠嚴肅對待。除處理個案之外,也能肯認不同的知識典範,並改變目前偏頗的評鑑及獎勵制度,讓學者不再陷入量的迷思,製造出這種違背學術倫理的國際級醜聞。
發表於《自由時報》〈自由共和國〉,2014/07/14,A14。
2014年7月1日 星期二
國發會新瓶裝舊酒
近日立法院各委員會聯席審查《自由經濟示範區特別條例草案》,觸及一個關鍵課題,即該《條例草案》是由國發會提出,然主管機關卻是經濟部,這與常理相違,民進黨因此提出修正動議,主張應修改主管機關。惟,本文欲提出另一觀點,即國發會適合提出這樣的《條例草案》嗎?新成立的國發會,其職責到底為何?當初為什麼要把經建會改制為國發會呢?
更早之前,民進黨蔡英文主席與國發會管中閔主委針對該《條例草案》有精采討論。蔡主席認為,自經區這種片面開放市場、遍地開花式的作法,很有可能會帶來許多負面效果及後遺症;反之,管主委則是認為自經區只是政府諸多經濟政策中的一環,它是單純的經濟政策,代表的是產業政策思維的改變。雙方論點皆值得重視,惟卻都僅局限於經濟面向的考量。
經濟掛帥嚴重錯誤
誠如管主委所言,自經區只是「單純的經濟政策」,而這樣的作法早起1960年的《獎勵投資條例》,政府為了拼經濟,特別制訂此條例,對工業興辦人有了許多的優惠,該條例之後陸續更名為《促進產業升級條例》、及現今的《產業創新條例》,而國發會目前所提出的《條例草案》,則可以說是上述條例的加強進階版,其立法的結構及邏輯幾乎是相同的,完全是經濟掛帥。
這些條例的條文看來複雜,但其實一點也不,因為他們都建築在第13條及第14條的最後一項規定:自經區申請資格條件、區位、規模、程序、應檢附之書圖文件及其他相關事項之辦法,「由主管機關擬訂,報請行政院核定之」或「由主管機關會商相關機關定之」,即權力完全掌控在經濟部及行政院。
試問,當行政院都已經核定為自經區,那後續的都市計劃、非都市土地分區變更、環境影響評估計劃等,究竟要如何審查呢?內政部及環保署膽敢拒絕嗎?依過往經驗,很少出現的。本人去年曾發表《為何抵制國家重大建設》,表示在興辦事業計劃、土地使用計劃、環境保護計劃及土地徵收計劃這4大計劃中,政府往往是以興辦事業計劃為最上位階,忽視了其他計劃的同等重要性,此為嚴重的錯誤,也連帶造成了其他計劃屢被批評為附庸、花瓶,而這也是滋生許多自救會與抗爭的主因。
遺憾地,該《條例草案》仍是延續過往的錯誤,摒棄社會多元價值,獨尊經濟價值,然而,為了不重蹈這個覆轍,不就是我們將經建會改制為國發會的主因嗎?我們不是期待國發會能夠有不同的發展典範與思維嗎?我國《永續發展政策綱領》在多年前即已訂定,希望「當代及未來世代均能享有寧適多樣的環境生態、活力開放的繁榮經濟、及安全和諧的福祉社會」,也就是環境、經濟、社會都是同等重要,不應該有所偏廢。但是由此《條例草案》的結構設計看來,它依舊是獨尊經濟面向。
讓人失望退回重訂
經建會轉型為國發會所提的第一個法案,本應讓人耳目一新,然卻只是新瓶裝舊酒,讓人頗為失望!因此,立法院將其退回重訂,應是最佳選擇。
本文發表於《蘋果日報》「焦點評論」,2014/06/30,A13。
更早之前,民進黨蔡英文主席與國發會管中閔主委針對該《條例草案》有精采討論。蔡主席認為,自經區這種片面開放市場、遍地開花式的作法,很有可能會帶來許多負面效果及後遺症;反之,管主委則是認為自經區只是政府諸多經濟政策中的一環,它是單純的經濟政策,代表的是產業政策思維的改變。雙方論點皆值得重視,惟卻都僅局限於經濟面向的考量。
經濟掛帥嚴重錯誤
誠如管主委所言,自經區只是「單純的經濟政策」,而這樣的作法早起1960年的《獎勵投資條例》,政府為了拼經濟,特別制訂此條例,對工業興辦人有了許多的優惠,該條例之後陸續更名為《促進產業升級條例》、及現今的《產業創新條例》,而國發會目前所提出的《條例草案》,則可以說是上述條例的加強進階版,其立法的結構及邏輯幾乎是相同的,完全是經濟掛帥。
這些條例的條文看來複雜,但其實一點也不,因為他們都建築在第13條及第14條的最後一項規定:自經區申請資格條件、區位、規模、程序、應檢附之書圖文件及其他相關事項之辦法,「由主管機關擬訂,報請行政院核定之」或「由主管機關會商相關機關定之」,即權力完全掌控在經濟部及行政院。
試問,當行政院都已經核定為自經區,那後續的都市計劃、非都市土地分區變更、環境影響評估計劃等,究竟要如何審查呢?內政部及環保署膽敢拒絕嗎?依過往經驗,很少出現的。本人去年曾發表《為何抵制國家重大建設》,表示在興辦事業計劃、土地使用計劃、環境保護計劃及土地徵收計劃這4大計劃中,政府往往是以興辦事業計劃為最上位階,忽視了其他計劃的同等重要性,此為嚴重的錯誤,也連帶造成了其他計劃屢被批評為附庸、花瓶,而這也是滋生許多自救會與抗爭的主因。
遺憾地,該《條例草案》仍是延續過往的錯誤,摒棄社會多元價值,獨尊經濟價值,然而,為了不重蹈這個覆轍,不就是我們將經建會改制為國發會的主因嗎?我們不是期待國發會能夠有不同的發展典範與思維嗎?我國《永續發展政策綱領》在多年前即已訂定,希望「當代及未來世代均能享有寧適多樣的環境生態、活力開放的繁榮經濟、及安全和諧的福祉社會」,也就是環境、經濟、社會都是同等重要,不應該有所偏廢。但是由此《條例草案》的結構設計看來,它依舊是獨尊經濟面向。
讓人失望退回重訂
經建會轉型為國發會所提的第一個法案,本應讓人耳目一新,然卻只是新瓶裝舊酒,讓人頗為失望!因此,立法院將其退回重訂,應是最佳選擇。
本文發表於《蘋果日報》「焦點評論」,2014/06/30,A13。
2014年6月13日 星期五
Consult the public prior to any more land grabs
The reason the corruption case involving former Taoyuan County deputy commissioner Yeh Shih-wen (葉世文) has caused such alarm is that Yeh was also for a long period in charge of the Construction and Planning Administration. In this position, he passed countless urban planning and renewal projects, as well as land zoning changes for non-urban areas, many of which would have involved forced land expropriation.
Past land expropriation appeals have been mere formalities, mostly for show, so if the Urban Planning Commission has passed a motion, the subsequent land expropriation is practically guaranteed. A case in point is the verdict handed down by the Greater Taichung High Administrative Court on the Dapu Borough (大埔) demolitions in Miaoli County, the appeals for which were cursory at best, taking on average little more than five minutes each to go through.
It has been many years since martial law was lifted, yet the government has not changed in terms of its excessive use of land expropriation. If anything, things have become worse in the past few years. For example, in the period up until late December 2012, the government completed the expropriation of 95 zones, involving about 7,672 hectares.
Since then, zone expropriations have either already been completed or are planned for a considerable amount of land. This includes 1,168 hectares for the Danhai New Town phase-two project, 126 hectares for Taipei Harbor Bali District (八里), 104 hectares in Fuzhou in Banciao District (板橋) and 236 hectares for Station A7 in Linkou District (林口), all in New Taipei City; 3,316 hectares for the “aerotropolis” in Taoyuan County, including 500 hectares to build an overhead track in the county’s Jhongli City; 447 hectares for the Puyu project and 440 hectares in Erchong Pu, both in Hsinchu County; 154 hectares in Dapu; 110 hectares in Cianjhu Borough (前竹), 30 hectares in Jioude Village’s Wurih Township (烏日), 196 hectares in Taiping District (太平) and 251 hectares for the Shueinan Airport, all in Greater Taichung; 184 hectares for the special district for Taiwan High Speed Rail’s Changhua Station in Tianjhong Township (田中) in Changhua County; 83 hectares for the Yongkang Artillery School in Greater Tainan; and 105 hectares in Yilan County’s Wushi Harbor.
The above list is not exhaustive, it includes just those of which I am aware and amounts to 7,450 hectares of expropriated zones. The land taken in that short period is almost equal to the total of all the expropriations that preceded them. Neither does it include the equally shocking scale, which has not been calculated, of other projects, such as the third and fourth phases of the Central Taiwan Science Park expansion project, the relocation underground and to the east of a segment of railway tracks in Greater Tainan and the Changnan Industrial Park near Siluo Bridge. It comes as no surprise that many people have found themselves the victims of forced land expropriation on more than one occasion.
The above cases were all decided in the urban planning preparatory stages, after which these projects quickly morph into orgies of deal-making and bribe-taking between politics and business, various factions and individual government officials. In these circumstances, how can land expropriation be conducted in a legitimate manner?
Government officials are wining and dining and lining their own pockets and it is all done at the expense of the public. The government must put all land expropriation plans on hold and promptly set up a democratic procedure by which citizens can participate in urban planning and land expropriation cases.
Hsu Shih-jung is a professor in National Chengchi University’s land economics department.
Translated by Paul Cooper
Past land expropriation appeals have been mere formalities, mostly for show, so if the Urban Planning Commission has passed a motion, the subsequent land expropriation is practically guaranteed. A case in point is the verdict handed down by the Greater Taichung High Administrative Court on the Dapu Borough (大埔) demolitions in Miaoli County, the appeals for which were cursory at best, taking on average little more than five minutes each to go through.
It has been many years since martial law was lifted, yet the government has not changed in terms of its excessive use of land expropriation. If anything, things have become worse in the past few years. For example, in the period up until late December 2012, the government completed the expropriation of 95 zones, involving about 7,672 hectares.
Since then, zone expropriations have either already been completed or are planned for a considerable amount of land. This includes 1,168 hectares for the Danhai New Town phase-two project, 126 hectares for Taipei Harbor Bali District (八里), 104 hectares in Fuzhou in Banciao District (板橋) and 236 hectares for Station A7 in Linkou District (林口), all in New Taipei City; 3,316 hectares for the “aerotropolis” in Taoyuan County, including 500 hectares to build an overhead track in the county’s Jhongli City; 447 hectares for the Puyu project and 440 hectares in Erchong Pu, both in Hsinchu County; 154 hectares in Dapu; 110 hectares in Cianjhu Borough (前竹), 30 hectares in Jioude Village’s Wurih Township (烏日), 196 hectares in Taiping District (太平) and 251 hectares for the Shueinan Airport, all in Greater Taichung; 184 hectares for the special district for Taiwan High Speed Rail’s Changhua Station in Tianjhong Township (田中) in Changhua County; 83 hectares for the Yongkang Artillery School in Greater Tainan; and 105 hectares in Yilan County’s Wushi Harbor.
The above list is not exhaustive, it includes just those of which I am aware and amounts to 7,450 hectares of expropriated zones. The land taken in that short period is almost equal to the total of all the expropriations that preceded them. Neither does it include the equally shocking scale, which has not been calculated, of other projects, such as the third and fourth phases of the Central Taiwan Science Park expansion project, the relocation underground and to the east of a segment of railway tracks in Greater Tainan and the Changnan Industrial Park near Siluo Bridge. It comes as no surprise that many people have found themselves the victims of forced land expropriation on more than one occasion.
The above cases were all decided in the urban planning preparatory stages, after which these projects quickly morph into orgies of deal-making and bribe-taking between politics and business, various factions and individual government officials. In these circumstances, how can land expropriation be conducted in a legitimate manner?
Government officials are wining and dining and lining their own pockets and it is all done at the expense of the public. The government must put all land expropriation plans on hold and promptly set up a democratic procedure by which citizens can participate in urban planning and land expropriation cases.
Hsu Shih-jung is a professor in National Chengchi University’s land economics department.
Translated by Paul Cooper
2014年6月12日 星期四
土地徵收應全面停止
葉世文收賄案引起極大震撼,由於他過去長期擔任營建署長,通過無以計數的新訂都市計畫、都市計畫變更,及非都市土地使用分區變更案,這些案件有許多皆關聯著土地徵收。由於歷年來的土地徵收審議皆僅做形式審查,沒有實質審查,因此只要是都市計畫委員會通過,後續的土地徵收幾乎皆是照案通過,這從台中高等行政法院針對苗栗大埔案的判決書中,清楚可見。也因只做形式審查,研究指出,土地徵收每案審議時間皆相當短暫,平均只有五分鐘。
我國雖早已解嚴,但政府浮濫徵收的作為卻是完全沒變,近年來更是變本加厲。若以區段徵收為例,截至二○一二年十二月底止,歷年來完成區段徵收地區計九十五區,總面積約七六七二公頃。但二○一二年後,已完成及預計區段徵收的面積包括:淡海新市鎮第二期一一六八公頃、八里台北港一二六公頃、板橋浮洲一○四公頃、林口A7站區二三六公頃、桃園航空城三三一六公頃、桃園中壢鐵路高架化五百公頃、新竹璞玉計畫四四七公頃、新竹二重埔四四○公頃、苗栗大埔一五四公頃、台中烏日前竹一一○公頃、台中烏日九德卅公頃、台中太平一九六公頃、台中水湳機場二五一公頃、彰化田中高鐵特定區一八四公頃、台南永康砲校八十三公頃、宜蘭烏石港一○五公頃等,以上僅是本人所知,就有七四五○公頃,約為歷年總數的九十七%,而這尚且未計算數量一樣驚人的一般徵收,如中科三期、中科四期、台南鐵路地下化東移、西螺大橋旁彰南工業區等,這也難怪許多土地被徵收人皆不是第一次被徵收。
前述土地徵收都是在都市計畫階段就被決定了,而當都市計畫已經完全變質,成為政商利益交換、派系綁樁,及官員收取賄賂的場域時,這樣的土地徵收還有其正當性嗎?官員喝紅酒及收錢的另一面,竟是逼人民走上絕路!我們要求政府應即刻停止所有的土地徵收,並且馬上建制民眾實質參與都市計畫及土地徵收的民主程序。
(作者為政治大學地政學系教授、台灣農村陣線理事長,https://zh-tw.facebook.com/taiwanruralfront)
發表於《自由時報》,2014/06/09。
前營建署長收賄有多嚴重
八德合宜住宅驚爆收賄弊案,多人被收押,據報載,林口A7合宜住宅恐將接續引爆。由於葉世文曾任內政部營建署長,掌管全國都市計劃、區域計劃及國家公園計劃等,雖然土地徵收計劃由地政司負責,但過往在尊重營建署的決議下,地政司僅作形式審查;因此,營建署可謂實質掌控了整個國土計劃體系。
營建署前署長涉嫌收賄是個非常嚴重的問題,這不僅是個人道德操守有瑕疵,更是涉及國土計劃體制的結構性問題,我們要問,是什麼樣的體制讓他得以上下其手?如以林口A7合宜住宅案為例,它必須是在都市計劃及土地徵收計劃皆通過之後,才會進入招標作業,因此,問題恐非僅是在最後階段,而是整個計劃核定程序皆有問題。
應符利益迴避原則
都市計劃及土地徵收皆應以實現公共利益為目的,然而,何謂公共利益?又是由誰來決定?目前作法是由行政官員與專家學者所組成的委員會來專斷。體制內設計了許多委員會,如以內政部都委會為例,委員人數共27位,其中政府機關代表13位,學者專家及熱心公益人士14位,表面上看來政府機關代表並非多數,但實際運作卻是如此。根據「各級都市計劃委員會組織規程」,政府機關代表不能出席時,「得指派代表出席」、並「參與會議發言及表決」,至於其他委員則無此特權,必須「親自出席會議」。由於學者專家未必每次開會都到,因此政府機關代表乃為實質多數,可完全掌控都委會。都市計劃是由中央或地方政府提出,卻是由政府官員自己來審查,這有符合行政程序最基本的利益迴避原則嗎?
再者,學者專家是由首長聘任,試問,它會聘任像我這樣的學者來擔任委員嗎?不會的。我看見許多委員被長久聘任,這一任期結束之後,再予續聘,或是接聘為其他委員會的委員,如續聘為區委會、環評會委員,彼等游走於各個委員會;也有許多位委員是穿梭於中央及地方政府之間,如在台北市或新北市任期結束後,轉換至中央政府續任委員。所以說,委員會中常可以看到熟面孔,而這些熟面孔後來往往是學而優則仕、甚且成為監察委員及考試委員的被提名人。試問,這樣的委員會機制真能夠實現公共利益嗎?葉世文的胃口是否就是這樣被養大的?倘若行政官員又與建商財團立場一致,那人民權益又能確保嗎?為什麼會有那麼多的自救會進行抗爭?
台都市計劃已變質
土地是壟斷性商品,隱藏著龐大利益,可透過政治力予以創造,因此,地方政治菁英過半數以上皆是從事於與土地相關的行業,如建築業,地方的發展也因此受到了以促進土地開發炒作的建商財團及地方派系所掌控,其視土地為一本萬利的投機工具。政府首長、行政官員、地方派系、建商財團與學者專家委員會形成了土地開發炒作聯盟,經由都市計劃及土地徵收機制來進行圈地,拉攏派系,進行綁樁,並收取政治獻金,我國都市計劃已經完全的變質。
葉世文收賄弊案代表的是整個國土計劃體系的嚴重問題。過往威權時代所設計的委員會統治機制恐已不合時宜,它是被用來掩護政商及派系利益;犧牲的,卻是人民在《憲法》上所保障的基本人權。此時此刻,我們應該努力來建構新時代的國土計劃公民治理機制。
政治大學地政學系教授
台灣農村陣線理事長
發表於《蘋果日報》,2014/06/04。
營建署前署長涉嫌收賄是個非常嚴重的問題,這不僅是個人道德操守有瑕疵,更是涉及國土計劃體制的結構性問題,我們要問,是什麼樣的體制讓他得以上下其手?如以林口A7合宜住宅案為例,它必須是在都市計劃及土地徵收計劃皆通過之後,才會進入招標作業,因此,問題恐非僅是在最後階段,而是整個計劃核定程序皆有問題。
應符利益迴避原則
都市計劃及土地徵收皆應以實現公共利益為目的,然而,何謂公共利益?又是由誰來決定?目前作法是由行政官員與專家學者所組成的委員會來專斷。體制內設計了許多委員會,如以內政部都委會為例,委員人數共27位,其中政府機關代表13位,學者專家及熱心公益人士14位,表面上看來政府機關代表並非多數,但實際運作卻是如此。根據「各級都市計劃委員會組織規程」,政府機關代表不能出席時,「得指派代表出席」、並「參與會議發言及表決」,至於其他委員則無此特權,必須「親自出席會議」。由於學者專家未必每次開會都到,因此政府機關代表乃為實質多數,可完全掌控都委會。都市計劃是由中央或地方政府提出,卻是由政府官員自己來審查,這有符合行政程序最基本的利益迴避原則嗎?
再者,學者專家是由首長聘任,試問,它會聘任像我這樣的學者來擔任委員嗎?不會的。我看見許多委員被長久聘任,這一任期結束之後,再予續聘,或是接聘為其他委員會的委員,如續聘為區委會、環評會委員,彼等游走於各個委員會;也有許多位委員是穿梭於中央及地方政府之間,如在台北市或新北市任期結束後,轉換至中央政府續任委員。所以說,委員會中常可以看到熟面孔,而這些熟面孔後來往往是學而優則仕、甚且成為監察委員及考試委員的被提名人。試問,這樣的委員會機制真能夠實現公共利益嗎?葉世文的胃口是否就是這樣被養大的?倘若行政官員又與建商財團立場一致,那人民權益又能確保嗎?為什麼會有那麼多的自救會進行抗爭?
台都市計劃已變質
土地是壟斷性商品,隱藏著龐大利益,可透過政治力予以創造,因此,地方政治菁英過半數以上皆是從事於與土地相關的行業,如建築業,地方的發展也因此受到了以促進土地開發炒作的建商財團及地方派系所掌控,其視土地為一本萬利的投機工具。政府首長、行政官員、地方派系、建商財團與學者專家委員會形成了土地開發炒作聯盟,經由都市計劃及土地徵收機制來進行圈地,拉攏派系,進行綁樁,並收取政治獻金,我國都市計劃已經完全的變質。
葉世文收賄弊案代表的是整個國土計劃體系的嚴重問題。過往威權時代所設計的委員會統治機制恐已不合時宜,它是被用來掩護政商及派系利益;犧牲的,卻是人民在《憲法》上所保障的基本人權。此時此刻,我們應該努力來建構新時代的國土計劃公民治理機制。
政治大學地政學系教授
台灣農村陣線理事長
發表於《蘋果日報》,2014/06/04。
Flawed system a breeding ground
The allegations that former Taoyuan County deputy commissioner Yeh Shih-wen (葉世文) solicited bribes from the Farglory Group, which was seeking to win a bid to build a housing project in the county’s Bade City (八德), has led to many detentions, and there have been reports that the scandal will grow to involve a similar affordable housing development project at the A7 Station of the Mass Rapid Transit line to Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport.
Yeh previously served as head of the Ministry of the Interior’s Construction and Planning Agency, where he was in charge of urban, regional and national park planning at the national level. Although the Department of Land Administration is in charge of land expropriation, it has conducted only nominal investigations out of respect for the decisions of the Construction and Planning Agency. So the agency could be said to be in control of the entire national land planning system.
It is a serious problem that a former agency head is alleged to have been involved in bribery. This is not merely a matter of individual morality, but rather a structural problem involving the national land planning system as a whole. It therefore becomes necessary to ask how the system could allow someone to act in the way Yeh allegedly did.
Take the A7 Station housing development as an example. This project could only be put up for tender after both the urban planning and land expropriation plans were passed. This implies that the problems do not lie just in the final stage of approval, but in throughout the process.
Urban planning and land expropriation should be aimed at meeting the public interest, which raises such questions as what is meant by the public interest and who should decide what it means and how to achieve it?
At present, these things are decided by a variety of committees made up of bureaucrats, academics and other experts. The interior ministry’s Urban Planning Commission, for example, has 27 members, 13 of whom are government representatives and the rest are academics, experts and those with a passion for the public interest. On the surface, it looks as though government representatives are not the majority, but in practice, they are.
According to the Organizational Regulation of Urban Planning Committees at Different Levels (各級都市計畫委員會組織規程), when representatives from government agencies cannot attend a meeting, they may send representatives who are allowed to speak and participate in voting. However, other committee members do not enjoy this privilege and must attend meetings in person. Given that academics and experts will not always be able to attend every meeting, government representatives still constitute a majority and as such, they gain full control of the commission.
Urban planning projects are proposed by the central or local governments, and then reviewed by bureaucrats. How can this be in line with the most basic principles for eliminating conflicts of interest from the administrative procedure?
Furthermore, academics and experts are employed by government leaders. Now, would a government leader choose an academic such as myself to be on a committee? No. Many committee members are employed for a long time, with their terms often extended or by joining other committees. For example, they may move onto a district committee, or an environmental impact assessment committee. There are also many committee members who go back and forth between the central and local governments. When their term is up on a committee in Taipei or New Taipei City, they join a central government committee.
Therefore, familiar faces are often seen in these committees, faces who often become officials themselves and who may even end up being nominated for a position in the Control or the Examination yuans.
What we really have to ask is whether such a committee mechanism is capable of serving the public interest. Is it this kind of mechanism that made Yeh so greedy? Also, if administrative officials have the same stance on issues as construction conglomerates, how can the rights of the public be protected?
Finally, one must also ask why there are so many self-help and protest groups who feel they must take their protests to the streets.
Land is a commodity that lends itself to monopolization. It involves massive interests that can be used to create political power. Therefore, more than half of all local political elites are involved in construction and other land-related industries, and as a result, local development is controlled by construction conglomerates and local factions that see land as a hugely profitable speculative tool.
Government leaders, bureaucrats, local factions, construction conglomerates and committees made up of academics and experts essentially form an alliance for speculating on land development. They use urban planning and land expropriation to carry out enclosure of land, co-opt factions and forge local support using money and connections — a practice known as bangzhuang (綁樁) — while also taking political donations. These factors have completely changed the nature of Taiwan’s urban planning.
Yeh’s alleged bribery is a serious problem for the entire land planning system. The mechanism for ruling through committee that was designed during the authoritarian era is no longer suitable. It is now used to cover up the government and business interests, as well as those of local factions, while sacrificing the public’s basic human rights as guaranteed in the Constitution.
It is time to establish mechanisms that will allow citizens to govern national land use that reflects the times we live in.
Hsu Shih-jung is a professor in the Department of Land Economics at National Chengchi University.
Translated by Drew Cameron
Published in the Taipei Times, 2014/06/11, p.8.
Yeh previously served as head of the Ministry of the Interior’s Construction and Planning Agency, where he was in charge of urban, regional and national park planning at the national level. Although the Department of Land Administration is in charge of land expropriation, it has conducted only nominal investigations out of respect for the decisions of the Construction and Planning Agency. So the agency could be said to be in control of the entire national land planning system.
It is a serious problem that a former agency head is alleged to have been involved in bribery. This is not merely a matter of individual morality, but rather a structural problem involving the national land planning system as a whole. It therefore becomes necessary to ask how the system could allow someone to act in the way Yeh allegedly did.
Take the A7 Station housing development as an example. This project could only be put up for tender after both the urban planning and land expropriation plans were passed. This implies that the problems do not lie just in the final stage of approval, but in throughout the process.
Urban planning and land expropriation should be aimed at meeting the public interest, which raises such questions as what is meant by the public interest and who should decide what it means and how to achieve it?
At present, these things are decided by a variety of committees made up of bureaucrats, academics and other experts. The interior ministry’s Urban Planning Commission, for example, has 27 members, 13 of whom are government representatives and the rest are academics, experts and those with a passion for the public interest. On the surface, it looks as though government representatives are not the majority, but in practice, they are.
According to the Organizational Regulation of Urban Planning Committees at Different Levels (各級都市計畫委員會組織規程), when representatives from government agencies cannot attend a meeting, they may send representatives who are allowed to speak and participate in voting. However, other committee members do not enjoy this privilege and must attend meetings in person. Given that academics and experts will not always be able to attend every meeting, government representatives still constitute a majority and as such, they gain full control of the commission.
Urban planning projects are proposed by the central or local governments, and then reviewed by bureaucrats. How can this be in line with the most basic principles for eliminating conflicts of interest from the administrative procedure?
Furthermore, academics and experts are employed by government leaders. Now, would a government leader choose an academic such as myself to be on a committee? No. Many committee members are employed for a long time, with their terms often extended or by joining other committees. For example, they may move onto a district committee, or an environmental impact assessment committee. There are also many committee members who go back and forth between the central and local governments. When their term is up on a committee in Taipei or New Taipei City, they join a central government committee.
Therefore, familiar faces are often seen in these committees, faces who often become officials themselves and who may even end up being nominated for a position in the Control or the Examination yuans.
What we really have to ask is whether such a committee mechanism is capable of serving the public interest. Is it this kind of mechanism that made Yeh so greedy? Also, if administrative officials have the same stance on issues as construction conglomerates, how can the rights of the public be protected?
Finally, one must also ask why there are so many self-help and protest groups who feel they must take their protests to the streets.
Land is a commodity that lends itself to monopolization. It involves massive interests that can be used to create political power. Therefore, more than half of all local political elites are involved in construction and other land-related industries, and as a result, local development is controlled by construction conglomerates and local factions that see land as a hugely profitable speculative tool.
Government leaders, bureaucrats, local factions, construction conglomerates and committees made up of academics and experts essentially form an alliance for speculating on land development. They use urban planning and land expropriation to carry out enclosure of land, co-opt factions and forge local support using money and connections — a practice known as bangzhuang (綁樁) — while also taking political donations. These factors have completely changed the nature of Taiwan’s urban planning.
Yeh’s alleged bribery is a serious problem for the entire land planning system. The mechanism for ruling through committee that was designed during the authoritarian era is no longer suitable. It is now used to cover up the government and business interests, as well as those of local factions, while sacrificing the public’s basic human rights as guaranteed in the Constitution.
It is time to establish mechanisms that will allow citizens to govern national land use that reflects the times we live in.
Hsu Shih-jung is a professor in the Department of Land Economics at National Chengchi University.
Translated by Drew Cameron
Published in the Taipei Times, 2014/06/11, p.8.
2014年1月16日 星期四
Dismantling committees in favor of public talks
The Taichung High Administrative Court’s recent ruling that the Miaoli County Government had illegally destroyed houses belonging to four families in Dapu Borough (大埔) last year is of major significance.
Apart from clarifying that zoning and forced expropriations of land must comply with certain conditions and must not overstep constitutionally guaranteed human rights or property rights, another point worth considering is whether committees should have the power to decide whether land expropriations are in the public interest or if they are necessary. It is also worth asking whether the Urban Planning Committee and the Land Expropriation Examination Committee serve their purpose.
The committee system was born of a move toward a more technocratic model of government. It grew out of the reform movements in the West in the early 20th century, when the views of technocrats — who were regarded as objective and neutral — came to be trusted more than those of politicians — with their tendency toward subjective bias — for the formulation of political policies.
This resulted in a paradigm shift in politics, in which committees of experts were established and gradually came to be more important in the running of a nation.
However, it became apparent over time that the committee system was not actually working in the public interest and in many cases merely served the private interests of the elite minority.
The root of the problem, again, was politics, with the social elite trying to secure power for themselves, hiding behind the legitimacy afforded them by the opinion of technocrats and bypassing participation in the democratic process by ordinary people.
This technocratic model was later widely disparaged and gradually fell into disfavor during the late 20th century. It was replaced by deliberative democracy, which pays attention to public opinion and due process.
Unfortunately, Taiwan has failed to reform the committee system and the technocratic model is exacerbated by the context of the authoritarian political system in which it exists. For example, the Urban Planning Committee may seem to be composed of experts, but in reality government officials — whether they be from the central government or are local officials — make up almost one half of its members. The rest of the committee are experts nominated by ministers. Therefore, the government has complete control of the committee’s composition.
As such, despite the whole raft of problems with the plan for the Taoyuan Aerotropolis, Vice Premier Mao Chi-kuo (毛治國) still insisted that it be passed last year and the Urban Planning Committee complied.
The committee boasts more than 40 years of experience in all, but for what? Even though the Ministry of the Interior was ruled against in the Dapu case, it blamed the academics in the Land Expropriation Examination Committee who had provided advice.
The committee system is designed to protect those in power and suppress the weak and vulnerable. It is neither necessary, nor does it operate in the public interest.
This is why many non-governmental organizations are pushing for committees to be replaced with public hearings, and why the Council of Grand Justices ruled last year that parts of the Urban Renewal Act (都市更新條例) were unconstitutional.
Now that the Taichung High Administrative Court has made this important ruling, it is high time that the committee system is dismantled.
Hsu Shih-jung is a professor in National Chengchi University’s land economics department.
Translated by Paul Cooper
Published in the《Taipei Times》, 2014/1/16.
Apart from clarifying that zoning and forced expropriations of land must comply with certain conditions and must not overstep constitutionally guaranteed human rights or property rights, another point worth considering is whether committees should have the power to decide whether land expropriations are in the public interest or if they are necessary. It is also worth asking whether the Urban Planning Committee and the Land Expropriation Examination Committee serve their purpose.
The committee system was born of a move toward a more technocratic model of government. It grew out of the reform movements in the West in the early 20th century, when the views of technocrats — who were regarded as objective and neutral — came to be trusted more than those of politicians — with their tendency toward subjective bias — for the formulation of political policies.
This resulted in a paradigm shift in politics, in which committees of experts were established and gradually came to be more important in the running of a nation.
However, it became apparent over time that the committee system was not actually working in the public interest and in many cases merely served the private interests of the elite minority.
The root of the problem, again, was politics, with the social elite trying to secure power for themselves, hiding behind the legitimacy afforded them by the opinion of technocrats and bypassing participation in the democratic process by ordinary people.
This technocratic model was later widely disparaged and gradually fell into disfavor during the late 20th century. It was replaced by deliberative democracy, which pays attention to public opinion and due process.
Unfortunately, Taiwan has failed to reform the committee system and the technocratic model is exacerbated by the context of the authoritarian political system in which it exists. For example, the Urban Planning Committee may seem to be composed of experts, but in reality government officials — whether they be from the central government or are local officials — make up almost one half of its members. The rest of the committee are experts nominated by ministers. Therefore, the government has complete control of the committee’s composition.
As such, despite the whole raft of problems with the plan for the Taoyuan Aerotropolis, Vice Premier Mao Chi-kuo (毛治國) still insisted that it be passed last year and the Urban Planning Committee complied.
The committee boasts more than 40 years of experience in all, but for what? Even though the Ministry of the Interior was ruled against in the Dapu case, it blamed the academics in the Land Expropriation Examination Committee who had provided advice.
The committee system is designed to protect those in power and suppress the weak and vulnerable. It is neither necessary, nor does it operate in the public interest.
This is why many non-governmental organizations are pushing for committees to be replaced with public hearings, and why the Council of Grand Justices ruled last year that parts of the Urban Renewal Act (都市更新條例) were unconstitutional.
Now that the Taichung High Administrative Court has made this important ruling, it is high time that the committee system is dismantled.
Hsu Shih-jung is a professor in National Chengchi University’s land economics department.
Translated by Paul Cooper
Published in the《Taipei Times》, 2014/1/16.
2014年1月15日 星期三
聽證會取代委員會
大埔四戶終獲勝訴,在制度面上意義重大。除了確定區段徵收仍須吻合土地徵收必備要件、不得逾越憲法人權及財產權保障紅線之外,另須注意的,乃是土地徵收公益性及必要性的決定權,是否仍適合由相關委員會來專斷?都市計畫委員會及土地徵收審議委員會是否仍值得信賴?
理論上,支撐委員會機制的是專家主義。二十世紀初期,西方改革運動興起,主張由專家來取代政治,因為專家代表客觀中立,政治則是主觀偏見,政府的行政作為因此要排除政治,並由專家來進行統治,各式專家委員會遂相繼成立。惟,事後深刻反省,卻發現專家委員會機制並未促進公共利益,反而多是在維護少數菁英的私利。論其本質其實仍是政治,是社會上層階級的巧妙奪權計畫,企圖用專家的專業形象來取代民主參與。上世紀中葉之後,在嚴厲批評下,專家統治模式逐漸式微,取而代之的是尊重民意及踐行正當行政程序的審議式民主。
遺憾地,我國的委員會機制不僅至今未改,竟然還是個專家主義配上威權政體的加強版。以都委會為例,表面上似由專家學者組成,實際上,不論是地方或是中央,政府官員就幾乎佔了一半;加上,專家學者由首長派聘,政府因此可以完全掌控。這也就是桃園航空城都市計畫問題一籮筐,但毛治國副院長卻膽敢要求去年底前務必通過,而都委會也確實遵照辦理,縱有資深委員誇稱自己有四十年審查經驗,又如何呢?土徵會也不遑多讓,內政部如今敗訴了,竟諉過給配合的學者,讓人搖頭。
委員會是個威權保守、強凌弱的政治壓迫機制,根本無法體現公益性及必要性,而這也就是民間團體強烈要求用聽證會來取代委員會的主因。繼去年都更條例部份條文因相同理由被大法官宣判違憲後,如今行政法院再做出重要判決,翻轉委員會機制的時候應該是到了。
發表於《自由時報》,〈澄社評論〉,2014/1/10。原文標題:翻轉吧,委員會。
立即廢除區段徵收!
我國土地徵收向來浮濫,除了為人詬病的一般徵收外,就是我國獨創的區段徵收制度。何謂區段徵收? 1986年《平均地權條例》修訂時,將其定義為:「本質雖仍為政府以公權力強制取得土地之徵收性質,但事實上,已演變為另一種形式之強制性合作開發事業。」從此,政府將區段徵收視為是與民間合作的土地開發,以此來規避土地徵收必備要件之拘束,區段徵收遂演變成為公部門取得公共設施用地、挹注財政及土地炒作的最佳利器。
政府財政愈是困窘,區段徵收愈是大受青睞,因為它除了可幫政府快速無償取得公共設施用地之外,並可獲得大面積的可建築用地(俗稱配餘地),經由配餘地的讓售或標售,可用來挹注政府財政之所需。因此,1990年行政院特別核定「凡都市計畫擴大、新訂或農業區、保護區變更為建築用地時,一律採區段徵收方式開發。」後來又有十多種法規於制訂或修訂時,相繼納入區段徵收,這使得被徵收的土地倍增。
政府雖將區段徵收定位為合作開發,但事實上,土地所有權人是被強迫參加,完全沒有拒絕的權利。政府認為透過都市計畫手段,土地開發完成後,原本的農地變更為建地,當地也開闢了公共設施,地價自然上漲,由此認定原土地所有權人是得利者,基於「土地使用變更回饋理論」,原土地所有權人因此必須有所貢獻,其主要的做法就是「捐地」。許多經驗顯示,原土地所有權人大概必須捐獻高達70%左右的土地給予政府。
這套精心設計的制度看似合理,其實卻隱藏了許多嚴重問題:
第一、區段徵收雖與一般徵收有異,但本質上仍屬於土地徵收之一種,是對人民財產權、生存權及工作權的剝奪,必須符合憲法及相關大法官解釋文規定。即區段徵收仍然必須嚴格遵守土地徵收所必備的嚴謹要件,如增進公共利益、必要性、比例性、最後手段、及完全補償等。遺憾的,若以這些要件來檢視目前許多區段徵收案,皆是不吻合的。也就是說,被迫捐獻多少土地是一回事,但是,是否符合徵收要件才更是核心關鍵!
第二、倘政府仍刻意要將區段徵收定位為合作開發,那麼雙方應該是公平的,政府必須獲得原土地所有權人同意;或者,這樣的合作開發須由原土地所有權人發動,由他們提出開發及回饋計畫,政府僅擁有核可權,而絕不是越俎代庖,逼迫他們一定要開發。例如,目前針對老舊工業區的變更使用(如遠東及裕隆集團),政府特別訂定審議規範,由民間主動提出,雙方由此簽訂開發協議,由業主提供捐獻,並非是由政府強迫變更。那為何在農業區就會有如此大的差異?這明顯是歧視農民及欺負社會弱勢。
第三、土地是用來生活的,不是用來買賣炒作的。許多人對土地往往有著親密的連結或是依附,這是無法用地價的提高來予以取代的。由許多反對區段徵收者的身上,往往會獲得彼等愛家護土的強烈印象,他們需要的是把土地保留下來,因為土地是他們生命的一部分,是他們安身立命的家。政府強迫他們加入區段徵收合作開發事業,逼迫他們只能接受土地的交換價值,這是個致命的錯誤。
現行區段徵收引發社會龐大爭議,也造成土地正義的淪喪,藉由大埔案的宣判,提醒我們應該立即改正偏頗的土地徵收制度,讓人權及公義得以彰顯。立即廢除區段徵收制度,應為首要之務!
發表於《蘋果日報》,2014/1/06。
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