2016年1月31日 星期日

為什麼營建署前會有那麼多的抗爭?

為什麼營建署前會有那麼多的抗爭?

今天上午內政部都委會專案小組將再度審查台南鐵路東移乙案,台南鄉親也將再度北上陳情,營建署前料又將聚集抗議的人群。

是民眾不理性嗎?不是的。去年台南市都委會是強行「通過」本案的,主席賴清德市長甚且是動用警察權把反對的鄉親強行拖出,並在南市府都委會外聘委員都仍有疑慮的情況下,賴清德竟然拿出一張紙來,當場宣布本案「通過」。當時,反對的民眾就表示絕不接受台南市政府粗暴的結論。也因為行程程序上的嚴重瑕疵,我們很希望內政部都委會專案小組今日的審議,能夠直接退回本案,讓台南市政府都委會繼續審理本案。

同時,我們也該想一想,為什麼營建署前會有那麼多的抗爭?營建署主要是掌管台灣的都市計畫,我們不禁要問,台灣的都市計畫是否有嚴重的問題?為什麼總是有人民前往抗議?長久以來,我們總認為都市計畫非常的專業、也非常的技術,但是,都市計畫難道只強調專業與技術嗎?我們的都市計畫是否認真並切實的履行必須遵守的「道德倫理守則」?

我在美國留學時,教我都市計畫的老師是國際著名都市計畫大師Barry Cullingworth,他在上課時,不斷地強調都市計畫的「道德倫理守則」,這大大的改變我對於都市計畫的看法。回國之後,我也一直覺得,台灣的都市計畫實在是非常欠缺道德倫理的考量,致使製造了許多嚴重侵害基本人權的社會問題,以往的苗栗大埔案、及今日審理的台南鐵路地下化東移案,都是讓人無法接受的案例。各位朋友,如果連民進黨的明日之星都不把基本人權看在眼裡,請問,對於民進黨的執政又有什麼好期待的?你真的樂觀的起來嗎?

原文發表於:https://www.facebook.com/srshiu/posts/1746493388912713?pnref=story

我國土地徵收為何那麼浮濫?我國都市計畫是如何看待土地徵收?

我國土地徵收為何那麼浮濫?我國都市計畫是如何看待土地徵收?

謝謝胡慕情小姐幫我拍了這一張照片。我想幫大家解釋一下我那時的發言重點,而這也是我國土地徵收會那麼浮濫的關鍵之處。

依法,我國土地徵收的行政處分雖然是在土地徵收審議階段才予以決定,但實際的情形卻完全不是如此,其實在都市計畫擬定及審議階段即已決定了。也就是說,內政部都市計畫委員會往往是附和地方政府的要求,以「附帶決議」的方式決定了土地徵收的執行,這也使得後續的土地徵收審查委員會(現改名為土地徵收審議小組)在審查土地徵收案件時,大概都僅是形式審查,而不是實質審查,其結果就是我國土地徵收相當的浮濫,嚴重侵害基本人權。

因此,我們不禁要問,我國都市計畫擬定及審議階段是如何來看待土地徵收?都委會是否以嚴謹的土地徵收要件(如公益性、必要性、比例性、及最後手段等)來予以審議?這是非常重要之處。

照片中,我左手拿的是民國101年8月8日台南市政府公告的都市計畫書(變更臺南市主要計畫【配合臺南市區鐵路地下化計畫】【第一階段】等),它是厚厚的一大本,有好幾百頁。那麼,在這幾百頁中,有幾頁是提及土地徵收?讓我告訴大家,僅有一面(還不到一頁,因為一頁有兩面),是的,請不要懷疑,只有一面!而那就是我右手拿的那一張紙。

而這僅有的一面竟然就是一章,也就是「第六章 事業及財務計畫」,非常重要的土地徵收就是寫在財務計畫中。請大家看一下「表6-1 事業及財務計畫表」,土地取得方式為「徵購」,而開闢經費則為「土地及地上物補償費」及「工程費」,前者即是土地徵收所需支付的補償費,也就是政府在面對土地徵收時,只考量必須支付多少金錢補償成本!

這是否讓你深感驚訝與震撼?也就是說,我國都市計畫不論是在擬定或審議階段,都僅是用成本的觀點(土地及地上物補償費)來看待土地徵收,根本不由基本人權保障的觀點來看待土地徵收,也就是說,完全沒有討論該土地徵收案件是否符合土地徵收必備要件!

而這也是1月27日都委會專案小組會議中,台南市政府代表針對前次都委會專案小組會議結論的回覆內容(請見「第1次專案小組意見處理情形(3/5)」及「第1次專案小組意見處理情形(4/5)」)。它根本就是文不對題,完全沒有回答是否符合「公益性、必要性、正當性...等」,而僅是回答「依土地徵收條例規定以協議價購或徵收當期市價補償其地價」及「拆遷安置」,主要還是把土地徵收當成是金錢補償的課題,而不是基本人權侵害的課題。

這就是我國土地徵收會那麼浮濫的根本原因!政府總是認為給了金錢補償就可以進行土地徵收,至於土地徵收所需具備的嚴謹要件則是完全被忽視,根本都沒有進行審查!

各位朋友,都21世紀了,我們也已經解嚴30年了,我想請問大家,我們還要讓這種嚴重侵害人權的情形繼續下去嗎?

(拙文歡迎分享)

原文發表於:https://www.facebook.com/srshiu/posts/1747722688789783?pnref=story

台灣真的脫離戒嚴威權統治年代了嗎?

台灣真的脫離戒嚴威權統治年代了嗎?

昨天內政部都委會專案小組審查南鐵東移案,在爭點皆未討論及釐清之前,專案小組差一點就要把它送進大會。專案小組原先的主要理由為:本案在民國98年已經獲行政院核定。由此,幾個重要問題就非常值得思索:

1.如果經行政院核定,都市計畫就必須配合,那請問,都市計畫的專業性在哪裡?都市計畫體制的客觀性及自主性又在哪裡?台灣的大學裡面還需要開設都市計畫的相關系所嗎?學者還需要做都市計畫的相關學術研究嗎?以後所有的國家建設及都市計畫案,是否都先由行政院來予以核定即可?

2.這樣的行政作業程序正確嗎?當都市計畫、土地徵收、及其他計畫都還沒有開始審查之前,經建會(現國發會)就已經將其提報至行政院,並予以核定,那請問,都市計畫委員會的委員們到底要如何審查?土地徵收審議小組的委員們又要如何的審查?由於通過的答案已定,試問,他們又能夠提出不同的意見嗎?又縱然他們提出不同的意見,在合議制的會議程序中,主席又會予以採納嗎?另外,是否也因為不能違背行政院已經通過的決定,因此政府的委員會裡面就必須充斥著許多配合的委員?委員的聘任,是專業度重要?還是配合度重要?

3.當行政院於民國98年核定本案時,當地居民根本無所知悉,昨天與會的居民當場告訴大家,他們是要等到三年之後的101年才被告知此事,然後台南市政府就要大張旗鼓的修改都市計畫,並進行土地徵收,這對於居民而言如同是晴天霹靂,所有的生活完全變調。請問大家,自己的土地要被徵收,房屋要被拆除,但是在現行的行政程序中,竟然是最後一個知道,(賴清德市長還假惺惺的告訴他們,「我同情你們!」)請問這有符合以人為本的民主政治精神嗎?這又有符合憲法及兩人權公約的規範嗎?

4.行政院民國98年的核定版本主要是源自於民國96年的修訂版本,那時即已決定鐵路要東移,並要進行大規模的土地徵收。請問民國96年是誰執政?是民進黨執政,蘇貞昌是當時的行政院長,許添財是當時的台南市長,中央及地方二者皆屬民進黨。請問他們在規劃鐵路東移時有告知當地的居民嗎?他們又有請教居民的意見嗎?沒有,通通沒有!台南鐵路東移完全是個大黑箱,完全不公開,也完全不透明!

因此,當昨日都委會專案小組又再度要以「行政院已經核定」為理由,欲將本案送至大會時,我想請問大家,台灣真的已經脫離戒嚴威權統治年代了嗎?如果民進黨的統治模式不改,你對於台灣未來的人權保障又樂觀的起來嗎?賴清德如果真的同情他們,是否就應該立即主動撤回本案?

(拙文歡迎分享)

原文發表於:https://www.facebook.com/srshiu/posts/1746834768878575?pnref=story

2015年12月5日 星期六

Environmental justice applies to all

Political commentator Yang Hsien-hung (楊憲宏) once presented what he called the “golden toilet theory”: What if someone were to give you a pure gold, high-tech toilet on the condition that it must be placed in the center of your living room, so that anyone who wants to go to the loo will have to do it in the living room. Would you accept it?
Yang said the point is no matter how valuable, high tech or advanced the toilet is, no one can deprive you of the right to choose whether to accept the offer.
Yang’s theory shows that the quality of a toilet and where it should be placed are two different matters, but people often confuse one with the other and think that as long as it is advanced technology, it can be placed anywhere. The proposed relocation of Taipei International Airport (Songshan airport) is such a fallacy.
Supporters of the relocation view themselves as members of the scientific elite. They believe the scientific basis for their arguments to be objective facts. For instance, they say the airspace of Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport and that of Songshan airport overlap, the primary runway of Songshan airport is so short that big airplanes cannot land or take off — and think these are facts that cannot be challenged. Hence, Songshan airport must be relocated and all aircraft should use Taoyuan airport instead. The real goal of those elites is to repackage a public policy issue and turn it into a scientific issue. They reckon that public policies are purely the domain of scientific research, that they are value-neutral, and can only be discussed and determined within the scientific context that they have established. Whoever dares to object is anti-science and uneducated.
In fact, this is an example of technological determinism, an idea that was popular in the past century.
Political elites and technocrats usually manipulate this discourse to replace democracy and take away the public’s right to choose. Given the magnitude of air traffic that would be transferred to Taoyuan airport, has anyone ever asked the opinions of residents of Taoyuan — especially, those living in Dayuan District (大園)? And is there really no way to resolve the issue of overlapping airspace? If not, why are there still airplanes in the air right now? Moreover, must all airports be built to accommodate big airplanes? Why must there only be big airports and no small or medium-sized ones? Perhaps these elites have forgotten that technology is used to help people make choices and not to make the choices for them, just as you have an absolute right to choose to reject a gold toilet.
This discourse is not only intended to prevent democratic choice, it is also designed to hide the oppression of the disadvantaged by the advantaged, a matter that belongs in the realm of environmental justice. In 1987, the United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice published a report on toxic waste and race in the US, showing that toxic waste sites were predominantly near minority communities.
This posed a serious threat to their health and lives, and subjected them to much higher risk than other ethnic groups and communities. In the late 1980s, hazardous waste facilities, incinerators and landfill sites were primarily situated in black communities in the southern US. Moreover, 11 out of 14 proposed nuclear waste sites were in native American communities.
This utterly unfair distribution of risk shocked the US. Academics started calling for environmental justice, opposing the various means that majority groups and capitalists used to badger minority groups into accepting unfavorable facilities, including airports. In light of this, then-US president Bill Clinton ordered that certain public constructions not only have to undergo environmental impact assessments, but also environmental justice assessments, to protect socially disadvantaged groups.
As National Dong Hwa University professor Chi Chun-chieh (紀駿傑) has said: “Environmental justice basically advocates for the minority and disadvantaged groups’ freedom from environmental injustice, the proportionate distribution of social resources and sustainable usage of resources, all of which will improve the quality of life for all.”
Development in Taiwan is extremely imbalanced. That the north is prioritized over the south is a well-known phenomenon. For a long time Taipei has received a great many benefits: air quality, water quality, transportation infrastructure, medical facilities, arts and entertainment, etc, all are the best of the nation. How can it be so merciless that it would remove something it does not want and place it in another city?
Everyone wants Taiwan to be a better place, but it should be a better place for all, not just for Taipei, leaving other cities in shambles and on the receiving end of evils that Taipei does not want.
Hsu Shih-jung is a professor in National Chengchi University’s land economics department.
Translated by Ethan Zhan
發表在《Taipei Times》,2015/12/05。

2015年11月28日 星期六

台灣要好 就要一起好

政論家楊憲宏先生以前曾說過一個「金馬桶理論」的譬喻,他說,有人要送你一個純金打造的先進科技馬桶,惟他有一個條件,即這個馬桶必須放在你們家的客廳當中,也就是以後你們家任何人上廁所的地方就都是你們家的客廳。你願意嗎?

遷建松機壓迫弱勢


他說,縱然馬桶再值錢、再科技、再先進,卻也不能剝奪了你是否接受的選擇權利。這個譬喻在提醒我們,純金的科技馬桶與它要放在什麼地方,這是二個不同的議題,惟我們卻時常將其混在一起,認為只要是先進科技,就可以隨意把它放在任何的地方。松山機場的遷建就是落入這個謬誤。

主張松山機場遷建者是立基於科技菁英的思維,他們將所建構的科技知識稱之為客觀「事實」,例如,桃機與松機空域重疊、松機主跑道太短以至於大型客機無法起降等,這些皆不容挑戰,因此,松機非搬遷不可,所有的飛機都必須飛至桃機。這批菁英隱藏其真正目的,故意把公共政策問題包裝及轉化為科技問題,認為公共政策純為科學研究的領域,是「價值中立」的,僅可以在他們所設定的科學範疇裡面來討論,並決定政策的方向,凡是膽敢反對者,就是反科學,就是沒讀書。

其實,這就是上世紀流行的「科技決定論」,政治菁英及技術官僚往往操弄這套論述,其目的就是要取代民主政治,剝奪人民的選擇權利。試問,當那麼大的容量要遷至桃機時,桃園市,尤其是大園居民,他們的聲音在哪裡?有去問過他們嗎?現行對空域重疊難道沒有解決辦法,不然現在是怎麼在飛的?又,所有的機場都一定要飛大飛機嗎?為什麼一定只能有大機場,而不能有中小型機場呢?這批菁英忘了,科技是用來幫助人們做選擇,而不是取代人們做選擇,這就如同你絕對有權利來拒絕前述的金馬桶一樣。

這套論述除了要排除民主選擇之外,也隱藏了強勢者對於弱勢者的壓迫,而這就涉及「環境正義」觀點。1987年,美國「聯合基督教會種族正義委員會」發表「有毒廢棄物與種族」研究報告,指出有毒廢棄物的最終處置場大抵都是集中於少數族群所居住社區周遭,這使得他們的身體健康及生命都招致嚴重威脅,承擔了遠高於其他族群及社區的風險比率。

資源分配獨善台北


例如,在1980年代末期,美國南方的有毒廢棄物處理場所、垃圾焚化爐或掩埋場,絕大部分是集中於黑人社區。另外,全美14個曾被考慮的核能廢料儲存場,竟然有11個都是位於原住民社區。
這種風險承擔極不公平的現象震驚全美,學者由此提出「環境正義」的呼聲,他們反對強勢群體及資本家以各種手段強行迫使弱勢群體接收包括機場在內的嫌惡設施。柯林頓總統也因此要求特定公共建設除了需進行環境影響評估之外,還必須進行「環境正義評估」,避免對於社會弱勢的迫害。如同紀駿傑教授所述,「環境正義的基本主張包括少數民族及弱勢團體有免於遭受環境迫害的自由,社會資源的平均分配,資源的永續利用以提升人民的生活素質。」
台灣的發展已呈現非常不均衡的現象,「重北輕南」大家皆琅琅上口。長期以來台北市已經獲得極多的好處,空氣、水質、交通、醫療、藝文等等,都是首屈一指,怎忍心還把自己不要的東西往外送呢?台灣要好,應該是大家一起好,而不是只有台北向上提升,卻讓其他縣市往下沉淪,承擔台北不要的惡。 
政治大學地政學系教授
(發表於《蘋果日報》,2015/11/27)

Confronting the nation’s land policy conundrum

A group of government officials, business people and academics specializing in land administration and real estate have formed the Taiwan Land Social Alliance.
The group recently held a press conference and unveiled its Taiwan Land Manifesto. During the conference, alliance founders demonstrated how the nation’s lack of a comprehensive land policy has contributed to numerous social problems and called on the central government to carry out an immediate land policy review.
The problems with Taiwan’s current land policy can be broken down into three areas.
First, land policy has overlooked the universal value of land ethics. Land is a purchasable commodity, but it is also an important environmental resource that provides Taiwanese with a place to call home.
For this reason, the manifesto makes particular mention of the fact that in a society based on the rule of law, land is the key basis for orientating a nation toward democratic governance, human rights, economic development, social equality, cultural preservation and environmental conservation.
Unfortunately, because governments are focused on achieving a fixed set of goals, land policy always ends up being dependent on other policy areas. This has resulted in the important issue of land ethics being cast to one side.
In Taiwan, land has now been reduced to a tool for investment and speculation. This has widened the wealth gap and caused Taiwanese society to develop in an unbalanced way.
Second, current land policy lacks both a strategic and legal framework fit for modern times. The alliance’s manifesto calls for land use to be planned and used in a rational manner in order to enhance public welfare. When the authorities intervene, they should do so with due legal process to ensure the public’s basic human rights are upheld.
Although the Martial Law era ended many years ago, the systems that are currently in place are an echo of that authoritarian age. The right to interpret what is in the public interest is still in the hands of a favored few. For instance, a variety of committees, made up of a handful of people, make decisions that affect the lives of the majority. The side effect of this system is excessive land expropriation, forced demolitions for urban renewal projects and other serious infringements of fundamental human rights.
Third, the government has forfeited its chance to use land policy to shape an ideal vision for the future by building a better society and doing something worthwhile. It is well known that increases in land values are generally a social effect, so these profits should be shared with all of society. Instead, land is almost entirely privately owned, which is unreasonable. Therefore, there is an urgent need to build a just and fair system of real-estate taxation so that the fruits of land value increases can be shared with all of society.
Furthermore, in accordance with land use zoning rules, agricultural land should be used for farming. Instead, much of the nation’s best agricultural land is now covered in luxury villas. This has contributed to a severe erosion of the agricultural environment.
A robust and rational land policy is needed in order to develop a better society.
The alliance recommends that the government gather together experts from industry, government and academia and convene a national land conference to fully review issues concerning land in Taiwan.
The government should then formulate a clear policy on land to address the nation’s land issues and the related social problems.
Hsu Shih-jung is a professor of land economics at National Chengchi University.
Translated by Edward Jones
(發表於《Taipei Times, 2015/11/19, P.8)

土地政策總體檢

多位地政及不動產產官學界合組了「台灣土地社會聯盟」,鄭重發表「台灣土地宣言」,並舉辦記者會。會中,共同發起人指陳我國根本沒有明確的土地政策,由此衍生許多嚴重的社會問題,要求政府應即刻檢討改進。目前土地政策的問題至少有下述三項:
第一、忽視土地多元價值及土地倫理。土地雖是買賣的商品,但也是重要的環境資源,更是人民安身立命的家園,因此,「宣言」中特別指出,在現代法治社會,土地是政治民主、人權保障、經濟發展、社會平等、文化保存與環境保育等面向的重要基礎。但很可惜的,掌權者為了達成特定目的,土地政策往往成為附庸及花瓶,這使得重要的土地倫理被棄之一旁,土地也淪為投機炒作的對象,造成貧富階級差異及社會不均衡發展。
第二、欠缺合乎民主時代的法規制度與計畫體系。「宣言」主張,土地本應依合理的計畫使用,以此增進公共福祉,惟當公權力介入時,亦應符合正當法律程序,確實保障人民基本權利。遺憾地,我國雖已解嚴多年,但現行相關制度卻仍不脫過往威權時代色彩,致使公共利益的詮釋權依舊是由少數菁英所掌控,例如,極少數人組成的各式委員會竟然就可以決定多數人的命運,其造成的後果是浮濫土地徵收、都市更新強拆等,嚴重侵害基本人權。
第三、喪失經由土地政策來建構良好社會的理想願景與實際作為。眾所皆知,土地自然增值大抵是社會的貢獻,理應由社會所共享,但如今卻幾乎完全歸私,相當不合理,因此亟需建構合理的不動產稅制,讓土地自然增值回饋社會。又,依土地使用分區管制精神,農地本應農用,但現今許多優良農田卻是蓋滿了高級農舍,嚴重侵蝕農業生產環境,未來應重整農地政策。再者,住宅、環境、產業用地、原住民、公有土地政策等,皆與人民福祉緊密相關,惜皆未受到重視。
健全合理的土地政策是實現美好社會的關鍵,「聯盟」因此建議政府應以行政院層級,結合產官學界,儘速召開「全國土地會議」,全面檢討土地問題,擬定明確土地政策,由此來解決嚴重的土地及社會問題。
(作者為政治大學地政學系教授、台灣土地社會聯盟共同召集人)
(發表於《自由時報》,2015/11/16)